Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jul 4.
Published in final edited form as: Dev Psychobiol. 2019 Dec 10;62(5):573–590. doi: 10.1002/dev.21943

Figure 4 (A-C): Observations (Scan Sampling) of Maternal Pup-Directed Behavior in the Pre-Weaning Period (PND1–20).

Figure 4 (A-C):

Across all conditions, mothers significantly decrease time spent in the nest across the pre-weaning period, while mothers living with daughters (MPA, green) initially spend less time in the nest than mothers living with male partners (BPC, red) or alone (MON, blue) (Panel A). Across all conditions, mothers significantly decrease time spent nursing across the pre-weaning period, and BPC mothers initially demonstrate more time nursing than MON mothers and MPA mothers, although BPC mothers demonstrated a steeper decline in nursing behavior across the pre-weaning period than in both the MON and MPA conditions (Panel B). MPA mothers are initially observed to demonstrate fewer pup-directed behaviors than BPC and MON mothers, although MPA mothers also demonstrate less decline in pup-directed behaviors across the same period than their BPC and MON counterparts (Panel C).