Table 2.
Participants' characteristics by cognitive progression or reversion.
| From PCH | From MCI | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stable PCH | Progression to MCI | Stable MCI | Progression to dementia | Progression to unclassified | Reversion to PCH | |
| N = 35 | N = 44 | N = 281 | N = 15 | N = 45 | N = 38 | |
| Age years, median (IQR) | 71 (68–74) | 73 (70–76.5) | 75 (71–79) | 80.0 (78.0–86.0)* | 77.0 (71.0–91.0)* | 75 (70–79) |
| Female sex | 19 (54.3) | 27 (61.4) | 171 (60.9) | 7 (46.7) | 33 (73.3) | 24 (63.2) |
| Years of schooling ≤5 | 25 (71.4) | 35 (79.6) | 233 (82.9) | 10 (66.7) | 36 (80.0) | 33 (86.8) |
| Living apart | 7 (20.0) | 14 (31.8) | 81 (28.8) | 4 (26.7) | 13 (28.9) | 13 (34.2) |
| Blue–collar | 26 (74.3) | 37 (84.1) | 249 (89.3) | 13 (86.7) | 39 (86.7) | 33 (86.8) |
| Family history of dementia | 5 (17.2) | 9 (22.5) | 5 (17.2) | 3 (21.4) | 4 (10.0) | 9 (22.5)* |
| Current smoker | 7 (23.3) | 3 (7.3) | 24 (9.1) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (15.0) | 4 (11.1) |
| Current alcohol user | 19 (63.3) | 23 (56.1) | 156 (58.9) | 6 (40.0) | 16 (39.0)* | 19 (52.8) |
| Depressive mood | 6 (17.1) | 10 (22.7) | 63 (22.6) | 6 (40.0) | 12 (28.6) | 8 (21.6) |
| Disease clusters | ||||||
| Hypertension/Bone and joint diseases | 22 (66.7) | 36 (87.8)* | 208 (80.9) | 13 (92.9) | 33 (80.5) | 26 (74.3) |
| Gastrointestinal/CVD diseases | 19 (57.6) | 26 (63.4) | 148 (57.8) | 9 (60.0) | 32 (78.1)* | 19 (54.3) |
| Other | 18 (54.6) | 18 (43.9) | 135 (52.5) | 7 (46.7) | 25 (62.5) | 21 (61.8) |
| Number of diseases, median (IQR) | 2 (1–4) | 3 (2–4) | 2 (2–4) | 3 (2–5)* | 3 (3–4)* | 3 (2–4) |
| White blood cells < LLN × 1,000/mm3 | 6 (17.7) | 6 (14.6) | 52 (20.6) | 6 (42.9) | 4 (10.8) | 5 (13.9) |
| White blood cells > ULN × 1,000/mm3 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (1.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.8) |
| Reed blood cells < LLN × 1,000,000/mm3 | 22 (64.7) | 27 (65.9) | 155 (64.5) | 9 (64.3) | 23 (62.2) | 23 (63.9) |
| Reed blood cells > ULN × 1,000,000/mm3 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| Hemoglobin < LLN g/dl | 12 (35.3) | 9 (22.0) | 51 (20.2) | 5 (35.7) | 9 (24.3) | 10 (27.8) |
| Hemoglobin >ULN g/dl | 0 (0.0) | 2 (4.9) | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| Hematocrit < LLN % | 28 (82.4) | 28 (68.3) | 178 (70.6) | 10 (71.4) | 29 (78.4) | 23 (63.9) |
| Hematocrit > ULN % | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.4) | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| Mean corpuscular volume < LLN fL | 2 (5.9) | 3 (7.3) | 15 (6.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (5.4) | 1 (2.8) |
| Mean corpuscular volume > ULN fL | 3 (8.8) | 2 (4.9) | 12 (4.8) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (5.4) | 3 (8.3) |
| Platelets < LLN × 1,000/mm3 | 4 (11.8) | 1 (2.4) | 26 (10.3) | 4 (28.6) | 8 (21.6)* | 4 (11.1) |
| Platelets > ULN × 1,000/mm3 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (1.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| Na < LLN mmol/L | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.4) | 2 (0.8) | 1 (7.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| Na > ULN mmol/L | 1 (2.9) | 1 (2.4) | 7 (2.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (13.9)* |
| K < LLN mmol/L | 1 (2.9) | 2 (4.9) | 10 (4.0) | 1 (7.1) | 1 (2.6) | 1 (2.9) |
| K > ULN | 1 (2.9) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| TSH < LLN MIU/L | 2 (5.9) | 1 (2.4) | 17 (6.8) | 1 (7.1) | 2 (5.3) | 6 (16.7)* |
| TSH > ULN | 0 (0.0) | 2 (4.9) | 12 (4.8) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.6) | 2 (5.6) |
IQR, interquartile range; CVD, Cardiovascular diseases/Vasculopathy/Non-ischemic cardiopathy/Ischemic heart diseases; COPD, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; LLN, Lower Limit of Normal; ULN, Upper Limit of Normal. The disease cluster “Other” includes cerebral vascular accidents, endocrinopathies, COPD, neoplasms, hepato-biliary diseases, kidney disease, Parkinson's disease or parkinsonisms.
*
p < 0.05 and p ≤ 0.06 derived by comparing participants experiencing progression or reversion transitions, with those stable in the baseline cognitive status.
Values in bold indicate statistically significant results.