Table 1.
List of Ethiopian medicinal plants used to treat respiratory diseases. Description of data (Or = afanOromo, Am = Amharic, Tig = Tigrigna, Sd = sidamegna, Daw = dawuro, KA = Kara, KW = Kwego, Ged = Gedeoffa, Kr = Koorete, Ko = konta, Br = Berta).
| Plant family | Scientific name | Online references for each plant species | Local name | Habit | parts used | Preparation methods | Traditional use | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acanthaceae | Justicia schimperiana (Hochst. Ex Nees) T.Anders. | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:51563-1 | Smiza/sensl (Am) | Shrub | Leaf | Rubbing& sniffed | Common cold | [32] |
| Acanthaceae | Hypoestes forskaolii (Vahl) R.Sch | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:941349-1 | Girbia (Tig) | Herb | Root | Fumigation | Cough | [33, 34] |
| Alliaceae | Allium sativum L | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:528796-1 | Shinkurt (Am) | Herb | Bulb & leaf | Chewed; chopped, pounded | Tonsillitis, cough, common cold | [35, 36] |
| Amaranthaceae | Achyranthes aspera L | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:2468-2 | Telenj (Am) | Herb | Leaf | Crush | Tonsillitis | [32, 37, 38] |
| Anacardiaceae | Schinus molle L. | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:71044-1 | Qudabarbare (oro) | Tree | Seed | Chewed | Tonsillitis | [32, 39] |
| Annonaceae | Uvaria leptocladon Oliv. | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:75780-1 | Zebko (KA) Chochum (kw) | Tree | Root | Crushed/decoction/boiled | Cough, chest pain | [40] |
| Apiaceae | Foeniculum vulgare Miller | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:842680-1 | Ensilal (Am) | Herb | Above ground | Boiled | Cough | [32, 41] |
| Apiaceae | Coriandrum sativum L. | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:840760-1 | Dimbilal (Am) | Herb | Seed | Grounded | Cough | [42] |
| Apiaceae | Nigella sativa L. | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:711687-1 | Tiqur-azmud (Am) | Herb | Seed | Grounded | Common cold Asthma | [43, 44] |
| Apocynaceae | Carissa spinarum L | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77756-1 | Laadiya (daw) Otilaa (Sd) | Shrub | Leaf& fruit | Chewed; Chopped, Ground | Tonsillitis | [35, 45, 46] |
| Asclepiadaceae | Kanahia laniflora (Forssk.) R.Br | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:98887-1 | Tifrindo (Am.) Wundiffo (Ged) | Herb | Root/leaf | Sniffing, inhaling | Flue, asthma bronchitis | [47, 48] |
| Asparagaceae | Asparagus africanus Lam | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:530996-1 | Yeset kest (Am) | Herb | Root | Boiled, decoction | Cough | [49] |
| Asteraceae | Echinops kebericho Mesfin | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:940177-1 | Kebericho (Am) | Herb | Bulb | Smoked | Cough | [50] |
| Asteraceae | Acmella caulirhiza Del | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:174533-1 | Gutichaa (Oro) | Herb | Flower | Chewed and spitted | Tonsillitis | [51, 52] |
| Asteraceae | Laggera tomentosa (Sch. Bip.ex A. Rich.) Oliv. & Hiern | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:60455903-2 | Nech kese (Am) | Herb | Leaf | Holding | Common cold/cough | [53] |
| Asteraceae | Vernonia amygdalina Delile | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:257798-1 | Grawa (Am) | Shrub | Leaf | Crushed | Tonsillitis | [54] |
| Asteraceae | Kleinia abyssinica (A. Rich.) A. Berger | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:227346-1 | Este-maza (Am) | Herb | Leaf | Squeezed, drunk | Tonsillitis | [55] |
| Asteraceae | Helianthus annuus L | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:119003-2 | Suf (Am) | Herb | Seed | Decoction | Coughing, common cold | [56] |
| Asteraceae | Artemisia absinthium L | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:300106-2 | Aritii (oro) (Am) | Herb | Root & leaf | Pounded | Sour throat/tonsillitis | [51, 57] |
| Asteraceae | Guizotia abyssinica (L.f.) Cass. | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:210735-1 | Nug (Am) | Herb | Seed | Pounded | Dry cough | [58] |
| Balsaminaceae | Impatiens ethiopica Grey-Wilson | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:103607-1 | Insosla (Am) | Herb | Root | Crushing and Pounding | Cough | [59] |
| Boraginaceae | Trichodesma zeylanicum (Burm. f.) R. Br | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:121302-1 | Jgewusha (Gum) | Shrub | Root | Crushed, squeezed | Tonsillitis | [60] |
| Brassicaceae | Lepidium sativum L. | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:138141-2 | Feecoo (oro)/feto (Am) | Herb | Seed | Pounded | Cough & tonsillitis | [39] |
| Brassicaceae | Brassica nigra (L) Czern | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:60442520-2 | Sanafica (oro) | Herb | Seed | Pounded | Common cold | [61] |
| Canellaceae | Warburgia ugandensis Sprague | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:146038-1 | Beft (oro) | Tree | Stem | Sniffed smoke | Cough | [62] |
| Capparidaceae | Capparis tomentosa Lam. | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:146824-1 | Gumero (Am) | Shrub | Root, fruit | Grinding, chewing | Tonsillitis | [43] |
| Caricaceae | Carica papaya L. | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77126657-1 | Papaya (Am) | Tree | Root | Crushed and boiled | Cough | [32] |
| Celastraceae | Catha edulis (Vahl) Endl | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:941530-1 | Chat (Am) | Shrub | Leaf & stem | Boiled, drunk | Cough | [63] |
| Crassulaceae | Kalanchoe laciniata (L) DC | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:274383-1 | Anchura (oro) | Herb | Root | Pounded | Cough | [64] |
| Cucurbitaceae | Momordica foetida Schumach | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:293451-1 | Yubarrae (Ged) Yekurahareg (Am) Suruphaa (oro) | Shrub | Roots | Crushed pounded | Bronchitis tonsillitis | [32, 47] |
| Cucurbitaceae | Cucumis ficifolius A. Rich | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:292191-1 | Yemidir Embuy (Am) | Climber | Root | Washed, smashed mixed with water | Cough bronchitis | [43, 65] |
| Cupressaceae | Juniperus procera Hochst. ex Endl. | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:262311-1 | Yehabeshatsid (Am) | Herb | Stem/root | Grinding/boiling | Cough | [62] |
| Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia schizacantha Pax | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:348181-1 | Dhetungayda (Kr) | Herb | Leaf | Pounded | Cough | [50] |
| Euphorbiaceae | Tragia pungens (Forssk.) Muell. Arg | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:357857-1 | Aleblabit (Am) | Climber | Root & leaf | Powdered, boiled decoction | Chronic cough (T.B) | [66] |
| Euphorbiaceae | Croton macrostachyus Hochst. ex Delile | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:342917-1 | Mesana (Oro) Bisana (Am) | Tree | Twig | Crushed, drunk | Tonsillitis Asthma | [60, 67] |
| Euphorbiaceae | Ricinus communis L | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:355498-1 | Qolompo desha (kw) Ati (ka, kw) | Tree | Root | Chewing/crushed boiled | Flu | [40, 68] |
| Fabaceae | Albizia amara (Roxb.) Boivin | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:473171-1 | Ondoddee (Kr) | Tree | Leaf | Crushed | Cough | [48, 53] |
| Fabaceae | Acacia tortilis (Forssk.) Hayne | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:471662-1 | Tadacha (Am) | Tree | Leaf | Concoction | Throat infection | [69] |
| Fabaceae | Acacia nilotica (L.) P.J.H.Hurter & Mabb. | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77089275-1 | Kasalto [Af] | Tree | Stem bark | Infusion | Tonsillitis | [70] |
| Fabaceae | Tephrosia elata Deflers | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:520536-1 | Kashabach (Tig) | Shrub | Root | Grounded | Respiratory tract problem | [71] |
| Fabaceae | Acacia oerfota (Forssk.) Schweinf | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:520536-1 | Ajo (oro) | Shrub | Bark | Chewed | Tonsillitis | [72] |
| Flacourtiaceae | Dovyalis abyssinica (A. Rich.) Warb. | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:111558-1 | Koshim (Am) | Shrub | Leaf | Boiling | asthma | [58] |
| Lamiaceae | Ocimum lamiifolium Hochst. Ex Benth. | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:453009-1 | Damakase (Ged) (Am) | Herb | Leaf | Pounded | Cough/nose bleeding/Influenza | [47, 73] |
| Lamiaceae | Clerodendrum myricoides (Hochst.) R.Br. Ex Vatke | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:862273-1 | Misrich (Am)/ Bishchereh (Br) | Shrub | Root bark | Decocted | Dry cough/common cold | [64, 74] |
| Lamiaceae | Thymus serrulatus Hochst. ex Benth. | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:461653-1 | Tosigne (Am) | Herb | Leaf | Boiled | Whooping cough | [73, 75] |
| Lamiaceae | Clerodendrum alatum Gurke | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:861906-1 | Misirich (Am) | Herb | Bark | Pounded | Tonsillitis | [37] |
| Lamiaceae | Ajuga integrifolia Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:444595-1 | Tut astil (Am) | Herb | Leaf | Rubbed, Squeezed | Tonsillitis | [54] |
| Lamiaceae | Mentha spicata L | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30016176-2 | Nana (oro) | Herb | Leaf | Boiled, drunk | Cough and cold | [57] |
| Lamiaceae | Ranunculus multifidus Pursh | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:217450-2 | Afi Deshe (Am) | Herb | Leaf | Pounded | Tonsillitis | [76] |
| Lamiaceae | Otostegia fruticosa (Forssk.) Schweinf. Ex penzig | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:453638-1 | Tunjut (Am) | Shrub | Leaf | Burning | Common cold | [77] |
| Loganiaceae | Buddleja polystachya Fresen. | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:545859-1 | Anfar (Am) | Shrub | Shoot | Concoction | Tonsillitis | [32, 78] |
| Loganiaceae | Nuxia congesta R.Br. Ex Fresen. | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:546816-1 | Atquar (Am) | Shrub | Shoot | Rub, squeeze | Tonsillitis | [32] |
| Malvaceae | Gossypium barbadense L. | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:559677-1 | Tit (Am) | Shrub | Fruit | Grinded | Tonsillitis | [32] |
| Malvaceae | Sida rhombifolia L | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:235798-2 | Karaba (Oro) | Shrub | Leaf | Boiled | Asthma | [79] |
| Meliaceae | Azadirachta indica A. Juss. | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1213180-2 | Nim (Am) | Tree | Leaf | Boiled | Cough | [59] |
| Meliantaceae | Bersama abyssinica Fresen | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:782127-1 | Xibiro (oro) | Shrub | Root | Crushed | Bronchitis | [61, 69] |
| Menispermaceae | Stephania abyssinica (Quart.-Dill. & A.Rich.) Walp | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:581384-1 | Chewchawit (Am) | Herb | Shoot | Crushed | Tonsillitis | [32] |
| Moraceae | Dorstenia barnimiana Schweinf | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:60453283-2 | Work Bemeda (Am) | Herb | Root | Infusion | Acute coughing | [79] |
| Myrataceae | Eucalyptus globulosus St.-Lag | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:592964-1 | Tsaedakelamitos (Tig) | Tree | Leaf | — | Cough | [80] |
| Myricaceae | Myrica salicifolia Hochst. ex A.Rich. | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:585605-1 | Shinet (Am) | Tree | Bark | Crushed, powdered | Common cold & bleeding | [32] |
| Myrsinaceae | Maesa lanceolata Forssk | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:588843-1 | Geggec'uwa (daw) | Tree | Leaf, bark and seed | Chopped, Pound; ground | Tonsillitis | [35] |
| Myrtaceae | Syzygium guineense (Willd.) DC. | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:601750-1 | Ochaa (daw) | Tree | Leaf root and bark | Chopped | Tonsillitis/flu & sore throat | [35] |
| Myrtaceae | Eucalyptus globulus Labill. | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:592965-1 | Nech bahrzaf (Am) | Tree | Leaf | Burning | Common cold | [36] |
| Nyctaginaceae | Commicarpus sinuatus Meikle | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:604483-1 | Kontom (Or) | Herb | Leaf | Concoction | Throat infection | [69] |
| Olacaceae | Ximenia americana L | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:316341-2 | Hudhaa (oro) Mekela (KA) Waljoweljo (KW) | Shrub | Root | Crushed, pounded | Tonsillitis, Flu | [40, 57] |
| Oleaceae L. | Olea europaea | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:610675-1 | Woira (Am) | Tree | Leaf | Chewed | Tonsillitis | [32] |
| Phytolaccaceae | Phytolacca dodecandra L'Her | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:676349-1 | Shebti (Tig) | Shrub | Root | Juice | Cough | [81] |
| Piperaceae | Piper capense L.f. | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:680780-1 | Timiz (Am) | Shrub | Seed | Powdered | Cold, cough | [56] |
| Plumbaginaceae | Plumbago zeylanica L | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:687109-1 | Amira (Am) | Shrub | Leaf | Boiled, drunk | Cough asthma | [82] |
| Poaceae | Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:396896-1 | Xajisaara (oro) | Herb | Leaf | Burnt | Cough | [57] |
| Poaceae | Saccharum officinarum L. | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:419977-1 | Shankora (Am) | Shrub | Stem | Ate | Common cold | [83, 84] |
| Podocarpaceae | Podocarpus gracilior Pilg. | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:263490-1 | Zigba (Am) | Tree | Sap | Crushing | Common cold | [28–89] |
| Polygalaceae | Polygala obtusissima Hochst. ex Chodat | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:691954-1 | Calmala [Af] | Shrub | Leaf | Pounded | Common Cold | [69] |
| Polygonaceae | Rumex nepalensis Spreng | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:697338-1 | Zans'alaa (dawro)/tult (Am) Tultii (oro) | Herb | Root &leaf | Chewed | Tonsillitis | [35, 90] |
| Ranunculaceae | Clematis hirsuta Guill. & Perr. | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:709771-1 | Azo Hareg (Am) | Climber | Leaf | Juice | Cough | [91] |
| Rhamnaceae | Rhamnus prinoides L'Herit | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:718580-1 | Geeshuwa (daw) Geeshoo (oro) | Shrub | Leaf | Pounded; Chewed | Tonsillitis | [35, 92] |
| Rosaceae | Prunus Africana (Hook.f) Kalkman | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:729417-1 | Tikur Inchet (Am) | Tree | Leaf | Pounded | Tonsillitis | [66] |
| Rubiaceae | Rubia cordifolia L | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:765218-1 | Enchibir (Am) | Herb | Root & leaf | Powdered, boiled decoctio, | Cold, cough | [66] |
| Rubiaceae | Coffea arabica L | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:747038-1 | Buna (Am) | Shrub | Seed | Decoction | Asthma | [54] |
| Rutaceae | Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:60454758-2 | Lomae (Ged) lomi (Am) | Shrub | Fruit | Chew | Cough | [47, 93] |
| Rutaceae | Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:59599-2 | Tutto (kr) | Shrub | Fruit | Juice | Cough | [48] |
| Rutaceae | Ruta chalepensis L. | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:775070-1 | Chelatama (oro) | Shrub | Fruit | Boiled | Cough | [62] |
| Santalaceae | Osyris lanceolata Hochst. & Steud. | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:780506-1 | Waatoo (oro) | Shrub | Root, stem | Grinding, Powdering | Common cold | [94] |
| Scrophulariaceae | Verbascum sinaiticum Benth | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:770131-1 | Tirnake (Tig) | Herb | Root | Crushed | Tonsillitis | [95] |
| Solanaceae | Solanum incanum L. | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:819567-1 | Hiddi (oro) | Shrub | Fruit | Juice | Tonsillitis | [39] |
| Solanaceae | Solanum marginatum L.f | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:819994-1 | Yedega enboy (Am) | Shrub | Fruit | Juice | Cough | [32] |
| Solanaceae | Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:821709-1 | Giziewa (Am) | Shrub | Leaf | Crushed | Cough/Asthma | [32] |
| Solanaceae | Datura stramonium L | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:314738-2 | Manjii (oro) | Herb | Leaf | Pounded, drunk | Cough | [92] |
| Solanaceae | Solanum dasyphyllum Schumach &Thonn | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:818913-1 | Geber enbuay (Am) | Shrub | Leaf | Crushed | Nosebleed | [96, 97] |
| Solanaceae | Solanum incanum L. | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:819567-1 | Buluwaa (ko) | Shrub | Fruit | Homogenized | Cough | [98] |
| Tiliaceae | Grewia ferruginea Hochst ex A. Rich | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:834226-1 | Ogomdii (Ged) | Shrub | Root bark | Crushed | Cough | [43] |
| Verbenaceae | Lippia adoensis Hochst. ex Walp | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:863500-1 | Kusaayee (oro) | Shrub | Leaf | Pounded, drunk | Cough | [92] |
| Verbenaceae | Verbena officinalis L. | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:330554-2 | Atuch (Am) | Herb | Twig | Crushed | Tonsillitis | [32, 71] |
| Verbenaceae | Aloysia triphylla Britton | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:9688-2 | Xuxxoo (oro) | Tree | Leaf | Pounded | Tonsillitis | [65] |
| Vitaceae | Cyphostemma adenocaule (Steud. Ex A.Rich.) Desc. ex wild & R.B.Drumm | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:870171-1 | Mrkuszibei (Tig) | Herb | Root | Chewed | Tonsillitis | [53] |
| Zingiberaceae | Zingiber officinale Roscoe | https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:798372-1 | Zinjibilaa (oro) zinjble (Am.) | Herb | Root | Crushed & boiled | Cough, cold& tonsillitis | [54, 64, 99] |