Fig. 7.

The sandwich approach for detecting HBsAg utilizing a QB based LFA platform is shown schematically; (A) The five-component assembly of a traditional LFA, with a test region and a control region due to positive testing; (B) An immunochromatographic test with a control line yields a negative result; (C) The reader for fluorescence strips [117]; (D) Schematic representation of the developed LFA system. The NC membrane contains three test zones and a control zone. The test regions include the protein probe to detect anti-HIV, anti-HCV, and anti-HAV antibodies, respectively, while the control region contains goat anti-human secondary antibodies [125]. Reproduced with permission from ref. 117–125, Elsevier Ltd.