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. 2022 Jul 4;13(7):579. doi: 10.1038/s41419-022-05037-8

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — A–C Levels of total iron, hepcidin, and transferrin in EMFF (n = 15) and COFF (n = 15). Data are expressed as means ± SD and analyzed by Student’s t test. D Results of mouse granulosa cells proliferation under different intervention conditions (each group in the figure is compared with COFF group). DFO, iron chelators; FER, ferroptosis inhibitor; NEC, necrosis inhibitor; ZDF, apoptosis inhibitor; ME, autophagy inhibitor. Data are expressed as means ± SD and analyzed by one-way ANOVA. E–H Comparison of ferritinophagy-related proteins FTH1, NCOA4, and ATG5 between human granulosa cells of infertile patients with EMs (EMGC) and of control group (COGC). The expression of β-actin was used as an internal control. Data are expressed as means ± SD and analyzed by Student’s t test. I–L Detection of ferroptosis-related indicators iron, GSH, GPX4, and MDA in COGC and EMGC. Data are expressed as means ± SD and analyzed by Student’s t test. M Representative images of the mitochondrial morphology of mouse granulosa cells intervened by COFF and EMFF were observed under TEM. Yellow arrows indicate mitochondrion. Scale bar = 1.0 µm. Scale bar = 5.0 µm. N Representative images of ROS and ferrous ion fluorescence staining after COFF and EMFF intervention in mouse granulosa cells. Scale bar = 100 µm. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001, and ns, no significance.