Table 1.

Clinical characteristics of participants.

Baseline variables	Participants (N = 132)
Age (years)	55.28 ± 11.66
Gender (male/female)	98/34
Side of lesion (right/left)	73/59
Time since stroke (months)	26.89 ± 22.81
Education (years)	11.29 ± 4.68
MOCA	24.94 ± 4.27
FMA total scores	34.75 ± 9.58
MAS mean scores	0.35 ± 0.6
MRC mean scores	3.83 ± 1.26
WMFT-TIME mean time (s)	11.12 ± 5.58
WMFT-FAS mean scores	2.66 ± 0.6
MAL-AOU mean scores	1.27 ± 0.8
MAL-QOM mean scores	0.91 ± 0.71
BBT-paretic side	9.45 ± 11.3
RNSA-tactile	74.71 ± 28.45
RNSA-proprioception	16.74 ± 5.25
RNSA-stereognosis	13.36 ± 8.65
FIM total scores	111.6 ± 9.63
SIS mean score (%)	65.71 ± 9.94
SIS recovery (%)	50.33 ± 16.48

MOCA Montreal Cognitive Assessment assessing global cognitive function (total scores:30), FMA Fugl-Meyer Assessment Scale of Upper Extremity assessing motor impairment of the upper extremity (total scores:66), MAS Modified Ashworth Scale assessing muscle tone level of the upper extremity (item score range:0–4, the MAS mean scores were the average scores of all parts of upper extremity), MRC Medical Research Council Scale for muscle strength assessing muscle strength of the upper extremity (item score range:0–5, the MRC mean scores were the average scores of all parts of upper extremity), WMFT-TIME Wolf Motor Function Test TIME-representing movement efficiency of the upper extremity (WMFT-TIME mean scores are the average time of all test items, Unit = seconds), WMFT-FAS Wolf Motor Function Test-functional ability scale representing motor function of the upper extremity (item score range 0–5; WMFT-FAS mean scores are the average scores of all test items), MAL AOU motor activity log-amount of use representing participants’ self-perceived amount of use of the paretic arm (item score range:0–5; MAL-AOU mean scores are the average scores of all test item), MAL QOM motor activity log-quality of movement representing participants’ self-perceived quality of paretic arm movements (item score range:0–5; MAL-AOU mean scores are the average scores of all test item), BBT-Paretic Box and Block Test-Paretic representing the paretic hand function (total scores = 150 (150 cubes), RNSA Revised Nottingham Sensation Assessment assessing the tactile, proprioception, and stereognosis sensation of the paretic side of the body (item score range: 0–2; unable to test = 9), FIM functional independence measure assessing participants’ levels of disability (item score range: 1–7; total score:18–126), SIS stroke impact scale.

Value is mean ± standard deviation.