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. 2022 Jul 4;8:22. doi: 10.1038/s41526-022-00209-4

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — A Clipmax chamber-slide flask with a small cell culture channel created (represented by a red double-sided arrow) after filling the two sides (represented by two blue double-sided arrows) and the top of the chamber-slide flask (not shown) with PDMS. B Distribution of microgravity forces in relation to the rotation axis at the area where cells are cultured. Oval circles represent cells. C Illustration of the developed device to simulate microgravity: (A) indicates 3-D printed adapter connecting two cell culture flasks (B) to the spinning bolt of a sample rotator instrument. C Indicates the bottom surfaces of the flasks where cells are attached (illustrated in red), which are positioned back-to-back and located in the axis of rotation. D Our developed rotary cell culture system (RCCS) with 2 flasks affixed to the system and located inside of the cell culture incubator, ready to generate simulated microgravity. E Experimental design used in this project.