Fig. 3.

Cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in multiple sclerosis. BBB blood–brain barrier, CNS central nervous system, TCR T-cell receptor, MHC-II major histocompatibility complex II, VCAM-1 vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, Th1,Th17 cells T helper 1, T helper 17, IL-18 interleukin 18, IL-10: interleukin 10, IL-17 interleukin 17, IL-1β interleukin 1 β, IL-1α Interleukin 1α, TNF tumor necrosis factor, IFN interferon, MMP-9 matrix metalloproteinase-9, iNOS nitric oxide synthase, CP carbonylated proteins, LPO lipid peroxidation products, NO nitric oxide, MDA malondialdehyde, GSSG oxidized glutathione, GPx glutathione peroxidase, GSH reduced glutathione, SIRT3 sirtuin 3, NF-κB factor nuclear kappa B, mtDNA mitochondrial DNA, 8-OHdG 8-hydroxy-2′deoxyguanosine, SOD superoxide dismutase, CAT catalase, ROS reactive oxygen species, RNS reactive nitrogen species, Nrf2 nuclear erythroid-related factor 2