Table 2.

Different PLGA NPFs that have been used for inhibition of bacterial biofilm-associated oral disorders.

Year of publication(Reference)	Active Substance	Drug-platform	Encapsulation Method	Microorganism	Outcomes
2020 ( Akram et al., 2021 )	Chlorhexidine	Chlorhexidine-loaded mesoporous silica NPs modified with PLGA	Sol-gel technique	Streptococcus mutans	The modified NPs with PLGA showed more profound anti-biofilm properties against S. mutans.
2019 ( Mahmoud et al., 2019a )	BAR (SspB Adherence Region)	10:90 PLGA/polyethylene oxide Polymeric electrospun fibers.	3	Porphyromonas gingivalis, Streptococcus gordonii	This formulation suppressed the biofilm formation and disrupted the established dual-species biofilms.
2020 ( Arafa et al., 2020 )	CIP	CIP-PLGA NPs, CIP-PLGA NPs coated with chitosan	Double-emulsion solvent evaporation technique	Enterococcus faecalis	CIP-PLGA NPs coated with chitosan showed the best antibacterial and anti-biofilm effect in comparison to the CIP-PLGA NPs and CIP solution.
2020 ( Sebelemetja et al., 2020 )	DVA	DVA-PLGA/PEG polymeric NPs	Double-emulsion (w/ o/w) method	Streptococcus mutans	Decreased acid production and suppressed biofilm formation by 92%.
2018 ( Fan et al., 2018 )	Ag+ and Ca2+	AgCa-PLGA submicron particles	Modified water/oil/water (w/o/w) emulsification solvent evaporation method.	Enterococcus faecalis, Porphyromonas gingivalis	The synthesized NPs (by ultrasonic activation) suppressed the colonization of P. gingivalis and E. faecalis on dentin.
2018 ( Mahmoud et al., 2018 )	BAR (SspB Adherence Region)	BAR-encapsulated PLGA and mPEG-PLGA NPs	Double-emulsion technique	Porphyromonas gingivalis, Streptococcus gordonii	These NPs effectively reduced the biofilm formation and eliminated the preformed biofilm.
2017 ( Li et al., 2017 )	AMP (KSL-W)	KSL-W-loaded PLGA/chitosan composite microspheres	Electrospraying and combined crosslinking-emulsion methods	Fusobacterium nucleatum	These NPs showed prolonged antibacterial and inhibitory effects.
2017 ( Kalia et al., 2017 )	BAR (SspB Adherence Region)	BAR-modified PLGA NPs	Oil-in-water (o/w) single-emulsion technique	Porphyromonas gingivalis, Streptococcus gordonii	These NPs more effectively suppressed the P. gingivalis/S. gordonii adherence and biofilm formation in comparison to the equimolar amount of free peptide.
2017 ( Freire et al., 2017 )	Antiserum against DNABII family (anti-DNABII)	Anti-DNABII/PLGA microsphere	Modified double-emulsion technique	Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans	These NPs increased the immune system ability to eliminate the bacterial biofilm.
2021 ( Geremias et al., 2021 )	Tea tree oil and furan-2(5H)-one.	PLGA electrospun membranes incorporated with tea tree oil and furan-2(5H)-one	Electrospraying	Streptococcus mutans	Results indicated a remarkable decrease in bacterial adherence on the synthesized membranes.
2019 ( Mahmoud et al., 2019b )	Peptide (BAR) derived from Streptococcus gordonii	Peptide-Modified PLGA NPs	Single-emulsion technique	Porphyromonas gingivalis	These NPs inhibited the P. gingivalis colonization, biofilm formation, and bacterial virulence in a mouse model of periodontitis.

NPs, nanoparticles; CIP, ciprofloxacin; DVA, Dodonaea viscosa var. angustifolia; PEG, poly ethylene glycol; mPEG, methoxy-polyethylene glycol; AMP, antimicrobial peptide; PLGA, poly (lactide co-glycolide).