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. 2022 Jun 21;13:890073. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.890073

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Copyright © 2022 Wang, Min, Lai, Csomos, Wang, Liu, Meng, Sun, Hou, Ying, Zhou, Sun, Hui, Ujhazi, Gordon, Buchbinder, Schuetz, Butte, Walter, Wang and Wang

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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A model for cellular mechanisms underlying the complex B cell phenotypes in APDS patients. PIK3CD GOF has been shown to cause the accumulation of transitional B cells and a reduction of naïve B cells. Our data indicate that naïve B cells are prone to die upon stimulation (①), leading to progressive B cell lymphopenia. In addition, naïve B cells are in an activated state (②), which may result in the generation of DNB cells that can further differentiate into IgM- or IgG-secreting plasma cells upon stimulation. Moreover, upon TD stimuli, activated B cells are impaired in CSR (③) but show relatively normal plasma cell differentiation, resulting in the generation of IgM-secreting plasma cells and possibly of IgM⁺ memory B cells.