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. 2022 Jul 4;7:75. doi: 10.1038/s41541-022-00503-y

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — The adenovirus genome is characterized by inverted terminal repeats (ITR) and several early (E) and late (L) genes. The early genes are responsible for modifying host gene expression to allow for viral protein synthesis and replication. The late genes allow for viral packaging and release. Replication-competent adenoviral vectors contain an intact E1 region and the transgene of choice in the E3 region. Typically, replication-defective adenoviral vectors contain a partial or complete deletion of the E1 region and contain a transgene in either the E1 or E3 region. Deletion of the E4 region may also allow for the insertion of a larger foreign gene.