Table 2.
Factors associated with anxiety and depression among physicians in Bangladesh
| Variables | Anxiety | χ2 value (p value) | Depression | χ2 value (p value) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes (% in row) | No (% in row) | Yes (% in row) | No (% in row) | |||
| Demographic factors | ||||||
| Age | ||||||
| ⩾35 years | 17 (54.8) | 14 (45.2) | 2.90 (0.235) | 15 (48.4) | 16 (51.6) | 0.02 (0.990) |
| 25–34 years | 218 (69.4) | 96 (30.6) | 153 (48.7) | 161 (51.3) | ||
| ⩽24 years | 44 (65.7) | 23 (34.3) | 32 (47.8) | 35 (52.2) | ||
| Gender | ||||||
| Female | 173 (75.2) | 57 (24.8) | 13.39 (<0.001)** | 124 (53.9) | 106 (46.1) | 6.01 (0.014) * |
| Male | 106 (58.2) | 76 (41.8) | 76 (41.8) | 106 (58.2) | ||
| Marital status | ||||||
| Married | 114 (65.9) | 59 (34.1) | 2.36 (0.272) | 84 (48.6) | 89 (51.4) | 0.06 (1.000) |
| Unmarried | 156 (68.1) | 73 (31.9) | 111 (48.5) | 118 (51.5) | ||
| Divorced/separated | 9 (90.0) | 1 (10.0) | 5 (50.0) | 5 (50.0) | ||
| Income (n = 268) | ||||||
| ⩽20 000 | 89 (71.2) | 36 (28.8) | 1.19 (0.754) | 58 (46.4) | 67 (53.6) | 1.32 (0.724) |
| 21 000–40 000 | 60 (64.5) | 33 (35.5) | 40 (43.0) | 53 (57.0) | ||
| 41 000–70 000 | 22 (71.0) | 9 (29.0) | 17 (54.8) | 14 (45.2) | ||
| ⩾70 000 | 13 (68.4) | 6 (31.6) | 9 (47.4) | 10 (52.6) | ||
| Health and COVID-19 related factors | ||||||
| Receiving treatment for other diseases | ||||||
| None | 227 (67.4) | 110 (32.6) | 3.67 (0.476) | 160 (47.5) | 177 (52.5) | 4.91 (0.313) |
| Chronic NCDs | 13 (65.0) | 7 (35.0) | 9 (45.0) | 11 (55.0) | ||
| Pregnant mother | 7 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (85.7) | 1 (14.3) | ||
| Lung diseases | 22 (68.8) | 10 (31.3) | 18 (56.3) | 14 (43.8) | ||
| Other infectious diseases | 10 (62.5) | 6 (37.5) | 7 (43.8) | 9 (56.3) | ||
| Tested positive for COVID-19 | ||||||
| No | 274 (67.8) | 130 (32.2) | 0.10 (0.753) | 3 (37.5) | 5 (62.5) | 0.40 (0.725) |
| Yes | 5 (62.5) | 3 (37.5) | 197 (48.8) | 207 (51.2) | ||
| Experienced symptoms of COVID-19 | ||||||
| Yes | 21 (77.8) | 6 (22.2) | 6.30 (0.017) * | 18 (66.7) | 9 (33.3) | 3.82 (0.148) |
| No | 237 (65.7) | 124 (34.3) | 171 (47.4) | 190 (52.6) | ||
| Maybe | 21 (87.5) | 3 (12.5) | 11 (45.8) | 13 (54.2) | ||
| Knowledge about someone tested positive for COVID-19 | ||||||
| None | 66 (63.5) | 38 (36.5) | 1.17 (0.558) | 49 (47.1) | 55 (52.9) | 0.27 (0.873) |
| Family member/Friends | 86 (68.8) | 39 (31.2) | 63 (50.4) | 62 (49.6) | ||
| Other known person (like patients) | 127 (69.4) | 56 (30.6) | 88 (48.1) | 95 (51.9) | ||
| Exposure to COVID-19 patients during pandemic | ||||||
| Yes | 36 (70.6) | 15 (29.4) | 0.22 (0.640) | 22 (43.1) | 29 (56.9) | 0.68 (0.409) |
| No | 243 (67.3) | 118 (32.7) | 178 (49.3) | 183 (50.7) | ||
| Got incentives for patient treatment | ||||||
| N/A | 28 (62.2) | 17 (37.8) | 11.58 (0.002) | 24 (53.3) | 21 (46.7) | 3.60 (0.308) |
| No nothing yet | 208 (68.6) | 95 (31.4) | 145 (47.9) | 158 (52.1) | ||
| Just got commitments | 29 (85.3) | 5 (14.7) | 20 (58.8) | 14 (41.2) | ||
| Yes, got incentives | 14 (46.7) | 16 (53.3) | 11 (36.7) | 19 (63.3) | ||
| Got PPE | ||||||
| N/A | 29 (64.4) | 16 (35.6) | 6.59 (0.159) | 26 (57.8) | 19 (42.2) | 9.81 (0.044)* |
| No | 99 (73.9) | 35 (26.1) | 72 (53.7) | 62 (46.3) | ||
| Got it but not enough in number | 39 (56.5) | 30 (43.5) | 23 (33.3) | 46 (66.7) | ||
| Got it but not qualified enough to protect | 86 (68.8) | 39 (31.2) | 62 (49.6) | 63 (50.4) | ||
| Yes | 26 (66.7) | 13 (33.3) | 17 (43.6) | 22 (56.4) | ||
| Source of PPE | ||||||
| N/A | 51 (68.0) | 24 (32.0) | 7.44 (0.059) | 35 (46.7) | 40 (53.3) | 12.30 (0.006)** |
| Self-funded | 95 (76.6) | 29 (23.4) | 76 (61.3) | 48 (38.7) | ||
| Govt. and/or Hospital | 101(61.6) | 63 (38.4) | 70 (42.7) | 94 (57.3) | ||
| Local people/NGOs/Sponsored | 32 (65.3) | 17 (34.7) | 19 (38.8) | 30 (61.2) | ||
| Got enough training about COVID-19 | ||||||
| Yes | 100 (61.3) | 63 (38.7) | 5.00 (0.025)* | 78 (47.9) | 85 (52.1) | 0.05 (0.820) |
| No | 179 (71.9) | 70 (28.1) | 122 (49.0) | 127 (51.0) | ||
| Ready to deal a COVID-19 positive patient | ||||||
| Yes | 122 (60.4) | 80 (39.6) | 9.72 (0.002)** | 81 (40.1) | 121 (59.9) | 11.31 (0.001)** |
| No | 157 (74.8) | 53 (25.2) | 119 (56.7) | 91 (43.3) | ||
| Level of tension of getting infected by COVID-19 | ||||||
| No/minimal | 13 (31.70) | 28 (68.30) | 45.77 (<0.01)** | 11 (26.80) | 30 (73.20) | 14.99 (<0.01)** |
| Moderate | 106 (60.60) | 69 (39.40) | 77 (44.00) | 98 (56.00) | ||
| Severe | 160 (81.60) | 36 (18.40) | 112 (57.10) | 84 (42.90) | ||
| Level of tension about family members of being infected by COVID-19 | ||||||
| No/minimal | 9 (52.90) | 8 (47.10) | 15.69 (<0.01)* | 6 (35.30) | 11 (64.70) | 3.68 (0.159) |
| Moderate | 34 (49.30) | 35 (50.70) | 28 (40.60) | 41 (59.40) | ||
| Severe | 236 (72.40) | 90 (27.60) | 166 (50.90) | 160 (49.10) | ||
| Belief and behavioral question | ||||||
| Number of times check the daily news/updates | ||||||
| ⩽3 times | 134 (61.50) | 84 (38.50) | 8.27 (<0.01)** | 99 (45.40) | 119 (54.60) | 1.82 (0.178) |
| ⩾4 times | 145 (74.70) | 49 (25.30) | 101 (52.10) | 93 (47.90) | ||
| Find difficult to stay away from media (TV/Newspaper etc.) | ||||||
| No | 61 (44.2) | 77 (55.8) | 53.29 (<0.001)* | 47 (34.1) | 91 (65.9) | 17.67 (<0.001)** |
| I am not sure | 48 (75.0) | 16 (25.0) | 34 (53.1) | 30 (46.9) | ||
| Yes | 170 (81.0) | 40 (19.0) | 119 (56.7) | 91 (43.3) | ||
| Source of news | ||||||
| TV news (Online on Fb page, YouTube/Offline) | 178 (70.4) | 75 (29.6) | 6.82 (0.033) * | 123 (48.6) | 130 (51.4) | 2.74 (0.254) |
| Social Media | 77 (68.8) | 35 (31.3) | 59 (52.7) | 53 (47.3) | ||
| National/Int. news websites /Newspaper (Online/offline) | 24 (51.1) | 23 (48.9) | 18 (38.3) | 29 (61.7) | ||
| Leisure activity | ||||||
| Spending time with family and doing household task | 39 (69.6) | 17 (30.4) | 2.73 (0.435) | 33 (58.9) | 23 (41.1) | 3.74 (0.291) |
| SBSB (Facebook and other social platforms) | 36 (69.2) | 16 (30.8) | 22 (42.3) | 30 (57.7) | ||
| Studying | 24 (80.0) | 6 (20.0) | 16 (53.3) | 14 (46.7) | ||
| Multiple of the above | 180 (65.7) | 94 (34.3) | 129 (47.1) | 145 (52.9) | ||
| Daily leisure time | ||||||
| <2 h | 34 (77.3) | 10 (22.7) | 3.77 (0.288) | 30 (68.2) | 14 (31.8) | 10.47 (0.015)* |
| 2–4 h | 64 (64.0) | 36 (36.0) | 46 (46.0) | 54 (54.0) | ||
| >6 h | 123 (69.9) | 53 (30.1) | 88 (50.0) | 88 (50.0) | ||
| 4–6 h | 58 (63.0) | 34 (37.0) | 36 (39.1) | 56 (60.9) | ||
| Hard to stay away from social media (Facebook, twitter, Instagram etc.) | ||||||
| Yes | 197 (73.5) | 71 (26.5) | 11.76 (<0.01)** | 140 (52.2) | 128 (47.8) | 4.19 (0.041)* |
| No | 82 (56.9) | 62 (43.1) | 60 (41.7) | 84 (58.3) | ||
| Think COVID-19 situation has had any positive outcome or impact on life | ||||||
| Yes | 78 (60.5) | 51 (39.5) | 10.80 (<0.01)** | 50 (38.8) | 79 (61.2) | 20.38 (<0.01)** |
| No | 110 (78.0) | 31 (22.0) | 90 (63.8) | 51 (36.2) | ||
| Maybe | 91 (64.1) | 51 (35.9) | 60 (42.3) | 82 (57.7) | ||
| Earn enough to support family during this pandemic | ||||||
| Yes | 112 (59.6) | 76 (40.4) | 11.76 (<0.01)** | 81 (43.1) | 107 (56.9) | 6.38 (0.041)* |
| No, I am unable | 117 (77.0) | 35 (23.0) | 86 (56.6) | 66 (43.4) | ||
| I am not sure | 50 (69.4) | 22 (30.6) | 33 (45.8) | 39 (54.2) | ||
| Have enough supplies of food in home for family to feed on | ||||||
| Yes | 171 (66.3) | 87 (33.7) | 0.68 (0.711) | 118 (45.7) | 140 (54.3) | 2.70 (0.259) |
| No | 32 (71.1) | 13 (28.9) | 26 (57.8) | 19 (42.2) | ||
| Maybe | 76 (69.7) | 33 (30.3) | 56 (51.4) | 53 (48.6) | ||
| Faced obstacles/humiliation while getting into or back from work by regulatory forces (ex: Police, army, RAB etc.) | ||||||
| Yes | 57 (79.2) | 15 (20.8) | 6.61 (0.037)* | 39 (54.2) | 33 (45.8) | 1.10 (0.576) |
| No | 194 (64.2) | 108 (35.8) | 143 (47.4) | 159 (52.6) | ||
| I do not remember | 28 (73.7) | 10 (26.3) | 18 (47.4) | 20 (52.6) | ||
| Am afraid of getting assaulted /humiliated on the way to hospital or home | ||||||
| Yes | 138 (79.3) | 36 (20.7) | 18.52 (<0.01)** | 98 (56.3) | 76 (43.7) | 7.30 (<0.01)** |
| Not at all or N/A | 141 (59.2) | 97 (40.8) | 102 (42.9) | 136 (57.1) | ||
| Able to give your maximum concentration on study after the pandemic | ||||||
| No/minimal | 26 (74.30) | 9 (25.7) | 26.22 (<0.01)** | 21 (60.00) | 14 (40.00) | 11.61 (<0.01)** |
| May be | 143 (79.90) | 36 (20.10) | 100 (55.90) | 79 (44.10) | ||
| Yes | 110 (55.60) | 88 (44.40) | 79 (39.90) | 119 (60.10) | ||
| Had sleep disturbances in last 4 weeks | ||||||
| Never | 24 (39.3) | 37 (60.7) | 50.95 (<0.01)** | 16 (26.2) | 45 (73.8) | 37.70 (<0.01)** |
| Occasionally | 65 (57.5) | 48 (42.5) | 41 (36.3) | 72 (63.7) | ||
| Sometimes | 77 (72.6) | 29 (27.4) | 57 (53.8) | 49 (46.2) | ||
| Often | 73 (81.1) | 17 (18.9) | 54 (60.0) | 36 (40.0) | ||
| Always | 40 (95.2) | 2 (4.8) | 32 (76.2) | 10 (23.8) | ||
| Daily average sleep duration in last 4 weeks | ||||||
| 6–8 h | 112 (61.9) | 69 (38.1) | 11.38 (<0.01)** | 73 (40.3) | 108 (59.7) | 13.12 (<0.01)** |
| Less than 6 h | 105 (78.9) | 28 (21.1) | 81 (60.9) | 52 (39.1) | ||
| More than 8 h | 62 (63.3) | 36 (36.7) | 46 (46.9) | 52 (53.1) | ||
| Being agitated more easily than usually were | ||||||
| Yes | 145 (86.3) | 23 (13.7) | 63.19 (<0.01)** | 115 (68.5) | 53 (31.5) | 54.20 (<0.01)** |
| Maybe | 68 (70.8) | 28 (29.2) | 45 (46.9) | 51 (53.1) | ||
| No | 66 (44.6) | 82 (55.4) | 40 (27.0) | 108 (73.0) | ||
| How is human contact making you feel? | ||||||
| No change, like before | 68 (44.4) | 85 (55.6) | 67.84 (<0.01)** | 42 (27.5) | 111 (72.5) | 50.42 (<0.01)** |
| Agitated | 191 (84.5) | 35 (15.5) | 145 (64.2) | 81 (35.8) | ||
| Better than before | 20 (60.6) | 13 (39.4) | 13 (39.4) | 20 (60.6) | ||