Table 3.
Odds of binary logistic regression of predictive study variables with anxiety and depression among physicians in Bangladesh
| Variables | Anxiety | Depression | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted estimates | Adjusted estimates | Unadjusted estimates | Adjusted estimates | |||||
| OR (95% CI) | p Value | OR (95% CI) | p Value | OR (95% CI) | p Value | OR (95% CI) | p Value | |
| Age | ||||||||
| ⩾35 years | 0.64 (0.27–1.51) | 0.305 | 0.31 (0.07–1.31) | 0.112 | 1.04 (0.61–1.76) | 0.886 | 0.79 (0.24–2.63) | 0.696 |
| 25–34 years | 1.19 (0.68–2.08) | 0.547 | 1.60 (0.69–3.72) | 0.278 | 1.03 (0.44–2.40) | 0.954 | 1.14 (0.57–2.29) | 0.712 |
| ⩽24 years | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Gender | ||||||||
| Female | 2.18 (1.43–3.31) | <0.001** | 2.55 (1.29–5.03) | 0.007 (<0.01) ** | 1.63 (1.10–2.42) | 0.014* | 1.16 (0.68–1.96) | 0.588 |
| Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Experienced symptoms of COVID-19 | ||||||||
| Yes | 1.83 (0.72–4.66) | 0.204 | 1.41 (0.37–5.43) | 0.614 | 2.22 (0.97–5.08) | 0.058* | 2.28 (0.80–6.45) | 0.122 |
| Maybe | 3.66 (1.07–12.52) | 0.038 | 4.47 (0.87–22.88) | 0.073 | 0.94 (0.41–2.15) | 0.884 | 0.74 (0.25–2.23) | 0.594 |
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Got incentives for patient treatment | ||||||||
| N/A | 1.88 (0.74–4.80) | 0.186 | 2.15 (0.29–16.27) | 0.457 | 1.97 (0.77–5.08) | 0.159 | 1.27 (0.27–6.05) | 0.768 |
| No nothing yet | 2.50 (1.17–5.34) | 0.018 | 5.55 (1.60–19.27) | 0.007 (<0.01) ** | 1.59 (0.73–3.44) | 0.245 | 1.64 (0.57–4.75) | 0.358 |
| Just got commitments | 6.63 (2.02–21.78) | 0.002 (<0.01) ** | 14.61 (2.16–98.91) | 0.006 (<0.01) ** | 2.47 (0.90–6.77) | 0.079 | 1.55 (0.40–5.97) | 0.521 |
| Yes, got incentives | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Getting PPE | ||||||||
| N/A | 0.91 (0.37–2.24) | 0.831 | 0.50 (0.06–4.38) | 0.533 | 1.77 (0.75–4.21) | 0.196 | 5.06 (0.99–25.90) | 0.052* |
| No | 1.41 (0.66–3.05) | 0.377 | 0.42 (0.10–1.76) | 0.235 | 1.50 (0.73–3.08) | 0.266 | 1.10 (0.41–3.00) | 0.849 |
| Got it but not enough in number | 0.65 (0.29–1.47) | 0.302 | 0.30 (0.07–1.26) | 0.099 | 0.65 (0.29–1.45) | 0.290 | 0.43 (0.15–1.23) | 0.116 |
| Got it but not qualified enough to protect | 1.10 (0.51–2.37) | 0.803 | 0.21 (0.05–0.85) | 0.028 | 1.27 (0.62–2.63) | 0.512 | 0.83 (0.32–2.12) | 0.697 |
| Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Source of PPE | ||||||||
| N/A | 1.13 (0.53–2.42) | 0.755 | 1.27 (0.27–5.84) | 0.763 | 1.38 (0.66–2.87) | 0.387 | 0.46 (0.13–1.61) | 0.221 |
| Self-funded | 1.74 (0.85–3.58) | 0.132 | 1.18 (0.40–3.52) | 0.765 | 2.50 (1.27–4.93) | 0.008 (<0.01) ** | 2.27 (0.92–5.61) | 0.077 |
| Govt. and/or Hospital | 0.85 (0.44–1.66) | 0.637 | 0.61 (0.22–1.70) | 0.342 | 1.18 (0.61–2.26) | 0.627 | 1.10 (0.47–2.58) | 0.824 |
| Local people/NGOs/Sponsored | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Got enough training about COVID-19 | ||||||||
| No | 1.61 (1.06–2.45) | 0.026* | 1.55 (0.79–3.04) | 0.199 | 1.05 (0.71–1.55) | 0.820 | 0.98 (0.57–1.68) | 0.934 |
| Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Ready to deal a COVID-19 positive patient | ||||||||
| No | 1.94 (1.28–2.96) | 0.002 (<0.01) ** | 1.08 (0.52–2.22) | 0.839 | 1.95 (1.32–2.89) | 0.001** | 1.23 (0.70–2.15) | 0.474 |
| Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Level of tension of getting infected by COVID-19 | ||||||||
| Moderate | 3.31 (1.60–6.83) | 0.001** | 4.07 (1.26–13.11) | 0.019* | 2.14 (1.01–4.55) | 0.047* | 1.94 (0.70–5.43) | 0.206 |
| Severe | 9.57 (4.52–20.28) | <0.001** | 9.69 (2.79–33.70) | <0.001** | 3.64 (1.72–7.67) | 0.001** | 2.32 (0.78–6.87) | 0.128 |
| No/minimal | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Level of tension about family members of being infected by COVID-19 | ||||||||
| Moderate | 0.86 (0.30–2.50) | 0.787 | 0.24 (0.05–1.21) | 0.083 | 1.25 (0.42–3.78) | 0.690 | 1.00 (0.23–4.32) | 0.990 |
| Severe | 2.33 (0.87–6.23) | 0.091 | 0.45 (0.10–2.10) | 0.308 | 1.90 (0.69–5.27) | 0.216 | 0.98 (0.24–3.96) | 0.980 |
| No/minimal | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Number of times check the daily news /updates | ||||||||
| ⩾4 times | 1.86 (1.22–2.83) | 0.004 (<0.01) ** | 1.28 (0.65–2.52) | 0.475 | 1.31 (0.89–1.92) | 0.178 | 1.08 (0.63–1.87) | 0.783 |
| ⩽3 times | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Hard to stay away from social media (facebook, twitter, instagram etc.) | ||||||||
| Yes | 5.37 (3.32–8.68) | <0.001** | 2.84 (1.38–5.83) | 0.005 (<0.01) ** | 2.53 (1.62–3.95) | <0.001** | 1.17 (0.63–2.17) | 0.613 |
| I am not sure | 3.79 (1.96–7.31) | <0.001** | 3.89 (1.44–10.50) | 0.007 (<0.01) ** | 2.19 (1.20–4.02) | 0.011* | 2.07 (0.93–4.58) | 0.073 |
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Source of news | ||||||||
| TV news (Online on Fb page, YouTube/Offline) | 2.27 (1.21–4.28) | 0.011* | 1.71 (0.61–4.80) | 0.311 | 1.52 (0.81–2.88) | 0.195 | 0.96 (0.40–2.32) | 0.930 |
| Social Media | 2.11 (1.05–4.24) | 0.036* | 1.49 (0.47–4.71) | 0.496 | 1.79 (0.90–3.60) | 0.100 | 1.00 (0.39–2.58) | 0.999 |
| National/Int. news websites /Newspaper (Online/offline) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Daily leisure time | ||||||||
| <2 h | 1.99 (0.88–4.54) | 0.100 | 1.23 (0.36–4.22) | 0.743 | 3.33 (1.56–7.13) | 0.002 (<0.01) ** | 4.18 (1.50–11.64) | 0.006 (<0.01) ** |
| 2–4 h | 1.04 (0.58–1.88) | 0.891 | 1.06 (0.41–2.74) | 0.908 | 1.33 (0.75–2.35) | 0.337 | 1.23 (0.58–2.61) | 0.588 |
| >6 h | 1.36 (0.80–2.32) | 0.257 | 0.96 (0.40–2.30) | 0.923 | 1.56 (0.93–2.60) | 0.091 | 1.09 (0.55–2.17) | 0.801 |
| 4–6 h | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Hard to stay away from social media (facebook, twitter, instagram etc.) | ||||||||
| Yes | 2.10 (1.37–3.22) | 0.001** | 1.45 (0.72–2.93) | 0.295 | 1.53 (1.02–2.31) | 0.041* | 1.15 (0.64–2.08) | 0.640 |
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Think COVID-19 situation has had any positive outcome or impact on life | ||||||||
| No | 2.32 (1.36–3.95) | 0.002 (<0.01) ** | 2.35 (0.99–5.62) | 0.054* | 2.79 (1.70–4.57) | <0.001** | 2.65 (1.38–5.10) | 0.003 (<0.01) ** |
| Maybe | 1.17 (0.71–1.91) | 0.539 | 0.80 (0.36–1.75) | 0.572 | 1.16 (0.71–1.88) | 0.559 | 0.87 (0.46–1.63) | 0.656 |
| Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Earn enough to support family during this pandemic | ||||||||
| No, I am unable | 2.27 (1.41–3.66) | 0.001** | 0.73 (0.33–1.63) | 0.448 | 1.72 (1.12–2.65) | 0.014* | 0.89 (0.48–1.64) | 0.704 |
| I am not sure | 1.54 (0.86–2.75) | 0.143 | 1.26 (0.51–3.12) | 0.528 | 1.12 (0.65–1.93) | 0.689 | 0.87 (0.42–1.81) | 0.713 |
| Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Faced obstacles/humiliation while getting into or back from work by regulatory forces (ex: Police, army, RAB etc.) | ||||||||
| Yes | 2.12 (1.14–3.92) | 0.017* | 1.41 (0.55–3.61) | 0.469 | 1.31 (0.79–2.20) | 0.299 | 0.90 (0.45–1.79) | 0.762 |
| I do not remember | 1.56 (0.73–3.33) | 0.252 | 1.40 (0.44–4.49) | 0.569 | 1.00 (0.51–1.97) | 0.998 | 0.81 (0.33–1.98) | 0.643 |
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Am afraid of getting assaulted /humiliated on the way to hospital or home | ||||||||
| Yes | 2.64 (1.68–4.13) | <0.001** | 1.95 (0.97–3.89) | 0.060 | 1.72 (1.16–2.55) | 0.007 (<0.01) ** | 1.21 (0.71–2.05) | 0.479 |
| Not at all or N/A | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Able to give your maximum concentration on study after the pandemic | ||||||||
| No/minimal | 2.31 (1.03–5.19) | 0.042* | 1.88 (0.54–6.59) | 0.325 | 2.26 (1.09–4.71) | 0.029* | 2.36 (0.90–6.22) | 0.082 |
| May be | 3.18 (2.01–5.04) | <0.001** | 2.25 (1.07–4.70) | 0.031* | 1.91 (1.27–2.87) | 0.002 (<0.01) ** | 1.40 (0.80–2.46) | 0.237 |
| Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Had sleep disturbances in last 4 weeks | ||||||||
| Occasionally | 2.09 (1.11–3.94) | 0.023* | 2.01 (0.77–5.28) | 0.157 | 1.60 (0.81–3.19) | 0.179 | 1.28 (0.54–3.06) | 0.580 |
| Sometimes | 4.09 (2.10–7.98) | <0.001** | 5.69 (2.12–15.27) | 0.001** | 3.27 (1.65–6.50) | 0.001** | 2.67 (1.11–6.39) | 0.028* |
| Often | 6.62 (3.17–13.83) | <0.001** | 4.34 (1.44–13.07) | 0.009 (<0.01) ** | 4.22 (2.08–8.58) | <0.001** | 1.93 (0.76–4.93) | 0.169 |
| Always | 30.83 (6.81–139.60) | <0.001** | 29.63 (3.23–272.29) | 0.003 (<0.01) ** | 9.00 (3.62–22.38) | <0.001** | 4.00 (1.25–12.77) | 0.019* |
| Never | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Daily average sleep duration in last 4 weeks on average | ||||||||
| Less than 6 h | 2.31 (1.38–3.86) | 0.001** | 1.27 (0.57–2.83) | 0.567 | 2.31 (1.46–3.64) | <0.001** | 1.55 (0.83–2.89) | 0.170 |
| More than 8 h | 1.06 (0.64–1.76) | 0.819 | 1.14 (0.52–2.52) | 0.738 | 1.31 (0.80–2.15) | 0.287 | 1.54 (0.81–2.91) | 0.186 |
| 6–8 h | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Getting agitated more easily than usually | ||||||||
| Yes | 7.83 (4.54–13.53) | <0.001** | 2.19 (0.91–5.28) | 0.080 | 5.86 (3.60–9.54) | <0.001** | 2.16 (1.10–4.21) | 0.024* |
| Maybe | 3.02 (1.75–5.21) | <0.001** | 1.61 (0.70–3.75) | 0.265 | 2.38 (1.39–4.09) | 0.002 (<0.01) ** | 1.25 (0.63–2.50) | 0.527 |
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| How is human contact making you feel? | ||||||||
| Agitated | 6.82 (4.22–11.04) | <0.001** | 2.68 (1.23–5.81) | 0.013* | 4.73 (3.03–7.40) | <0.001** | 2.78 (1.50–5.16) | 0.001** |
| Better than before | 1.92 (0.89–4.14) | 0.095 | 1.30 (0.43–3.95) | 0.641 | 1.72 (0.79–3.76) | 0.176 | 1.51 (0.57–3.99) | 0.411 |
| No change, like before | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||