Fig. 1.

Graphical representation of species concepts adapted from De Queiroz (2007), depicting an ancestor and its descendants sharing derived character states (Rosen, 1979; Donoghue, 1985; Mishler, 1985). One parasitic lineage (ancestral species indicated in green) originates two separate lineages (Species 1 and Species 2), where all three are reciprocally exclusive. The color gradient illustrates different species concepts (non-exhaustive: biological, ecological, genetic, cohesion, phenetic or phylogenetic) occurring simultaneously, in parallel or sequentially that lead to speciation. This figure was created using BioRender.com.