TABLE 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics stratified by the ICP trajectory groups
| Variables | Group 1 (n = 13) the highest, declined then rose | Group 2 (n = 240) the lowest, stable | Group 3 (n = 354) low, stable | Group 4 (n = 146) medium, stable | Group 5 (n = 45) high, intermittent spikes | Group 6 (n = 12) rose then declined, with a high volatility in ICPs | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||||||
| Median age (IQR), year | 48.00 (30.00, 61.00) | 65.00 (53.00, 77.00) | 59.00 (45.00, 70.00) | 45.50 (29.00, 57.00) | 39.00 (25.00, 49.00) | 36.00 (23.50, 52.00) | <0.001 |
| Male, n (%) | 7 (53.85) | 122 (50.83) | 191 (53.95) | 102 (69.86) | 31 (68.89) | 9 (75.00) | 0.002 |
| Race, n (%) | 0.013 | ||||||
| Black | 0 (0.00) | 14 (5.83) | 17 (4.80) | 6 (4.11) | 2 (4.44) | 0 (0.00) | |
| White | 6 (46.15) | 162 (67.50) | 206 (58.19) | 88 (60.27) | 30 (66.67) | 6 (50.00) | |
| Hispanic | 4 (30.77) | 7 (2.92) | 20 (5.65) | 3 (2.05) | 1 (2.22) | 1 (8.33) | |
| Asian | 0 (0.00) | 6 (2.50) | 8 (2.26) | 4 (2.74) | 1 (2.22) | 0 (0.00) | |
| Others | 3 (23.08) | 51 (21.25) | 103 (29.10) | 45 (30.82) | 11 (24.44) | 5 (41.67) | |
| BMI (IQR), kg/m2 | 28.50 (25.40, 34.95) | 25.85 (23.28, 30.50) | 27.30 (23.70, 31.20) | 27.60 (23.75, 31.40) | 27.70 (24.12, 32.05) | 24.40 (23.80, 32.70) | 0.911 |
| Smoking history | 0 (0.00) | 44 (18.33) | 99 (27.97) | 38 (26.03) | 12 (26.67) | 0 (0.00) | 0.008 |
| CCI, median (IQR) | 3.00 (0.00, 4.00) | 4.00 (2.00, 6.00) | 4.00 (2.00, 5.00) | 2.00 (0.00, 3.00) | 1.00 (0.00, 3.00) | 0.00 (0.00, 2.50) | <0.001 |
| Type of injury, n (%) | |||||||
| TBI | 7 (53.85) | 77 (32.08) | 109 (30.79) | 87 (59.59) | 30 (66.67) | 10 (83.33) | <0.001 |
| Subarachnoid hemorrhage | 6 (46.15) | 142 (59.17) | 206 (58.19) | 57 (39.04) | 19 (42.22) | 5 (41.67) | 0.001 |
| Intracranial hemorrhage | 3 (23.08) | 87 (36.25) | 130 (36.72) | 39 (26.71) | 13 (28.89) | 2 (16.67) | 0.157 |
| Mechanism of injury, n (%) | |||||||
| Unintentional falls | 0 (0.00) | 4 (1.67) | 13 (3.67) | 6 (4.11) | 4 (8.89) | 0 (0.00) | 0.178 |
| Motor vehicle crashes | 3 (23.08) | 48 (20.00) | 113 (31.92) | 39 (26.71) | 17 (37.78) | 3 (25.00) | 0.025 |
| Firearm injuries | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (0.28) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (2.22) | 0 (0.00) | 0.148 |
| Scoring systems | |||||||
| GCS | 0.453 | ||||||
| 9–12 | 1 (7.69) | 48 (20.00) | 76 (21.47) | 23 (15.75) | 6 (13.33) | 3 (25.00) | |
| ≤8 | 12 (92.31) | 192 (80.00) | 278 (78.53) | 123 (84.25) | 39 (86.67) | 9 (75.00) | |
| SOFA | 8.00 (7.00, 9.00) | 5.00 (3.00, 7.00) | 5.00 (3.00, 7.00) | 6.00 (3.00, 8.00) | 6.00 (3.00, 8.00) | 7.00 (5.00, 8.00) | <0.001 |
| APSIII | 69.00 (61.00, 77.00) | 44.00 (35.25, 60.75) | 39.50 (31.00, 54.00) | 37.50 (25.00, 65.25) | 42.00 (27.50, 64.00) | 71.00 (37.00, 92.00) | <0.001 |
| ISS | <0.001 | ||||||
| ≥ 15 | 2 (16.67) | 36 (15.00) | 47 (13.31) | 45 (30.82) | 14 (31.11) | 6 (50.00) | |
| <15 | 10 (83.33) | 204 (85.00) | 306 (86.69) | 101 (69.18) | 31 (68.89) | 6 (50.00) | |
| Medication | |||||||
| Mannitol use | 4 (30.77) | 38 (15.83) | 53 (14.97) | 43 (29.45) | 26 (57.78) | 7 (58.33) | <0.001 |
| Hypertonic saline use | 10 (76.92) | 137 (57.08) | 159 (44.92) | 93 (63.70) | 36 (80.00) | 10 (83.33) | <0.001 |
| Surgery | |||||||
| Craniectomy | 0 (0.00) | 6 (2.50) | 16 (4.52) | 14 (9.59) | 6 (13.33) | 1 (8.33) | 0.006 |
| Ventriculostomy | 2 (15.38) | 58 (24.17) | 51 (14.41) | 27 (18.49) | 5 (11.11) | 4 (33.33) | 0.027 |
| CSF drainage | 1 (7.69) | 40 (16.67) | 36 (10.17) | 20 (13.70) | 2 (4.44) | 2 (16.67) | 0.113 |
| ICP monitoring | |||||||
| Median ICP (IQR), mmHg | 29.00 (21.00, 47.00) | 6.00 (5.00, 8.75) | 10.00 (9.00, 12.00) | 13.00 (11.00, 16.00) | 18.00 (15.00, 22.00) | 20.50 (13.00, 31.00) | <0.001 |
| Median ICP > 20 mmHg (IQR) | 37.50 (24.50, 52.25) | 27.00 (27.00, 27.00) | 22.50 (22.00, 24.50) | 22.50 (21.00, 24.00) | 23.00 (22.00, 30.00) | 26.00 (23.00, 31.00) | 0.012 |
| Median ICP > 20 mmHg, n (%) | 10 (76.92) | 1 (0.50) | 6 (1.87) | 6 (4.58) | 15 (37.50) | 5 (50.00) | <0.001 |
| Median ICP > 22 mmHg (IQR) | 45.00 (31.25, 54.25) | 27.00 (27.00, 27.00) | 25.00 (24.00, 28.00) | 24.00 (24.00, 25.50) | 29.00 (24.00, 32.00) | 26.00 (23.00, 31.00) | 0.077 |
| Median ICP > 22 mmHg, n (%) | 8 (61.54) | 1 (0.50) | 3 (0.93) | 3 (2.29) | 9 (22.50) | 5 (50.00) | <0.001 |
| CPP | 57.00 (53.00, 62.00) | 78.00 (72.00, 85.00) | 76.00 (70.00, 82.00) | 73.00 (68.25, 80.00) | 70.00 (62.00, 75.50) | 65.50 (55.50, 75.50) | <0.001 |
Abbreviation: ICP, intracranial pressure; IQR, interquartile range; BMI, body mass index; CCI, Charlson comorbidity index; TBI, traumatic brain injury; GCS, Glasgow Coma Score; SOFA, sepsis‐related organ failure assessment; APSIII, acute physiology score III; ISS, injury severity score; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; CPP, cerebral perfusion pressure.