Table 5. A comparison of the results measured by WAM and TOPCON before cycloplegia with the subjective refraction results after cycloplegia.

Group	SD (D)				SE (D)				J0 (D)				J45 (D)
	$\overline{x}\pm s$	95% CI	P		$\overline{x}\pm s$	95% CI	P		$\overline{x}\pm s$	95% CI	P		$\overline{x}\pm s$	95% CI	P
WAM vs. TOPCON			0.011*				0.021*				0.172				0.156
WAM	−1.607±2.474	−1.974 to −1.240			−2.142±2.563	−2.522 to −1.762			0.456±0.497	0.383 to 0.530			−0.009±0.191	−0.037 to 0.020
TOPCON	−1.749±2.551	−2.127 to −1.370			−2.272±2.668	−2.668 to −1.876			0.481±0.542	0.400 to 0.561			−0.027±0.198	−0.057 to 0.002
WAM vs. subjective refraction			<0.001*				<0.001*				0.834				0.207
WAM	−1.607±2.474	−1.974 to −1.240			−2.142±2.563	−2.522 to −1.762			0.456±0.497	0.383 to 0.530			−0.009±0.191	−0.037 to 0.020
Subjective refraction	−1.297±2.608	−1.684 to −0.910			−1.778±2.694	−2.177 to −1.378			0.460±0.518	0.383 to 0.537			−0.023±0.171	−0.049 to 0.002
TOPCON vs. subjective refraction			<0.001*				<0.001*				0.098				0.693
TOPCON	−1.749±2.551	−2.127 to −1.370			−2.272±2.668	−2.668 to −1.876			0.481±0.542	0.400 to 0.561			−0.027±0.198	−0.056 to 0.002
Subjective refraction	−1.297±2.608	−1.684 to −0.910			−1.778±2.694	−2.177 to −1.378			0.460±0.518	0.383 to 0.537			−0.023±0.171	−0.049 to 0.002

*, P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. SD, spherical diopter; SE, spherical equivalence; J0, the axial 0°/180° representing with/against the rule of astigmatism; J45, the axial 45°/135° representing the oblique axis of astigmatism; $\overline{x}\pm s$, mean ± standard deviation; CI, confidence interval; D, diopter.