Table 7.
Meta-analyses of outcomes examined in the follow-up assessments (from after intervention to follow-up assessments).
| Outcomes | Tools or methods used to assess the outcomes | Number of trials analyzed and number of participants involved | Standardized mean difference (95% CI) | Between-group difference, P value | Heterogeneity | Egger test, P value | ||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cochran Q test | P value | I2 (%) |
|
||
| Impairments in upper extremity functions and structures | ||||||||||
|
|
Upper extremity motor function | Fugl-Meyer Assessment-Upper Extremity | 10 [40,41,44,45,50,51,53-55,58]; NVRa group=160, Ncontrol group=160 | 0.00 (−0.22 to 0.22) |
.99 | 2.66 | .98 | 0 | .91 | |
| Activity limitations | ||||||||||
|
|
Independence in day-to-day activities | Functional Independence Measure | 3 [8,10,44]; NVR group=166, Ncontrol group=163 | −0.05 (−0.27 to 0.17) |
.64 | 0.04 | .98 | 0 | .43 | |
|
|
Independence in day-to-day activities | Barthel Index or modified Barthel Index | 3 [10,41,54]; NVR group=95, Ncontrol group=94 | −0.02 (−0.31 to 0.26) |
.87 | 1.87 | .39 | 0 | .32 | |
|
|
Arm and hand motor ability | Action Research Arm Test | 5 [8,30,38,44,45]; NVR group=229, Ncontrol group=230 | 0.10 (−0.08 to 0.29) |
.27 | 1.87 | .76 | 0 | .56 | |
|
|
Arm and hand motor ability | Wolf Motor Function Test task completion time | 5 [10,40,50,51,54]; NVR group=127, Ncontrol group=125 | 0.01 (−0.30 to 0.32) |
.95 | 5.07 | .28 | 21 | .10 | |
|
|
Arm and hand motor ability | Wolf Motor Function Test task performance score | 2 [50,54]; NVR group=18, Ncontrol group=19 | −0.24 (−0.88 to 0.41) |
.47 | 0.17 | .68 | 0 | N/Ab | |
|
|
Hand dexterity | Box and Block Test | 5 [8,10,41,51,53]; NVR group=175, Ncontrol group=168 | 0.13 (−0.09 to 0.34) |
.25 | 1.70 | .79 | 0 | .54 | |
|
|
Hand motor ability |
Jebsen Hand Function Test | 2 [41,58]; NVR group=36, Ncontrol group=33 | 0.17 (−0.30 to 0.65) |
.48 | 0.38 | .54 | 0 | N/A | |
| Participation restrictions in life situations | ||||||||||
|
|
Quality of life | Stroke Impact Scale total score | 3 [30,53,54]; NVR group=138, Ncontrol group=140 | 0.14 (−0.10 to 0.37) |
.25 | 1.48 | .48 | 0 | .31 | |
|
|
Quality of life | Stroke Impact Scale hand function score | 2 [10,44]; NVR group=104, Ncontrol group=105 | −0.19 (−0.46 to 0.08) |
.17 | 0.17 | .68 | 0 | N/A | |
|
|
Upper extremity use in daily life | Motor Activity Log quality of movement score | 4 [40,50,51,53]; NVR group=53, Ncontrol group=51 | −0.17 (−0.64 to 0.30) |
.48 | 4.11 | .25 | 27 | .53 | |
|
|
Upper extremity use in daily life | Motor Activity Log amount of use score | 3 [40,50,53]; NVR group=32, Ncontrol group=31 | 0.06 (−0.43 to 0.56) |
.80 | 0.42 | .81 | 0 | .47 | |
aVR: virtual reality.
bN/A: not applicable.