Table 8.
Meta-analyses of outcomes examined in the follow-up assessments (from baseline to follow-up assessments).
| Outcomes | Tools or methods used to assess the outcomes | Number of trials analyzed and number of participants involved | Standardized mean difference (95% CI) | Between-group difference, P value | Heterogeneity | Egger test, P value | ||||||||||||
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|
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|
Cochran Q test | P value | I2 (%) |
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| Impairments in upper extremity functions and structures | ||||||||||||||||||
|
|
Upper extremity motor function | Fugl-Meyer Assessment-Upper Extremity | 10 [40,41,44,45,50,51,53-55,58]; NVRa group=160, Ncontrol group=160 | 0.48 (−0.15 to 1.11) | .13 | 62.37 | <.001 | 86 | .35 | |||||||||
| Activity limitations | ||||||||||||||||||
|
|
In Independence in day-to-day activities | Functional Independence Measure | 3 [8,10,44]; NVR group=166, Ncontrol group=163 | −0.05 (−0.27 to 0.16) | .63 | 0.39 | .82 | 0 | .56 | |||||||||
|
|
Independence in day-to-day activities | Barthel Index or modified Barthel Index | 3 [10,41,54]; NVR group=95, Ncontrol group=94 | −0.02 (−0.30 to 0.27) | .90 | 0.53 | .77 | 0 | .54 | |||||||||
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|
Arm and hand motor ability | Action Research Arm Test | 5 [8,30,38,44,45]; NVR group=229, Ncontrol group=230 | 0.03 (−0.15 to 0.22) | .71 | 1.16 | .89 | 0 | .62 | |||||||||
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|
Arm and hand motor ability | Wolf Motor Function Test task completion time | 5 [10,40,50,51,54]; NVR group=127, Ncontrol group=125 | 0.26 (0.00 to 0.51) | .049 | 4.10 | .39 | 2 | .74 | |||||||||
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|
Arm and hand motor ability | Wolf Motor Function Test task performance score | 2 [50,54]; NVR group=18, Ncontrol group=19 | −0.32 (−0.98 to 0.34) | .34 | 1.01 | .32 | 1 | N/Ab | |||||||||
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Hand dexterity | Box and Block Test | 5 [8,10,41,51,53]; NVR group=175, Ncontrol group=168 | 0.05 (−0.16 to 0.26) | .66 | 2.34 | .67 | 0 | .62 | |||||||||
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|
Hand motor ability |
Jebsen Hand Function Test | 2 [41,58]; NVR group=36, Ncontrol group=33 | 1.81 (−0.85 to 4.46) | .18 | 19.57 | <.001 | 95 | N/A | |||||||||
| Participation restrictions in life situations | ||||||||||||||||||
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Quality of life | Stroke Impact Scale total score | 3 [30,53,54]; NVR group=138, Ncontrol group=140 | 0.05 (−0.19 to 0.28) | .70 | 0.88 | .64 | 0 | .09 | |||||||||
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Quality of life | Stroke Impact Scale hand function score | 2 [10,44]; NVR group=104, Ncontrol group=105 | −0.25 (−0.52 to 0.02) | .07 | 0.18 | .67 | 0 | N/A | |||||||||
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Upper extremity use in daily life | Motor Activity Log quality of movement score | 4 [40,50,51,53]; NVR group=53, Ncontrol group=51 | 0.17 (−0.21 to 0.56) | .38 | 1.11 | .77 | 0 | .85 | |||||||||
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Upper extremity use in daily life | Motor Activity Log amount of use score | 3 [40,50,53]; NVR group=32, Ncontrol group=31 | 0.12 (−0.38 to 0.61) | .64 | 0.54 | .76 | 0 | .83 | |||||||||
aVR: virtual reality.
bN/A: not applicable.