Table 2.

Study results from overall QOL measures, Cohen’s d and findings.

Reference/outcome measure	Effect size ‘Cohen’s d’	Main findings
Herlihy et al. (21)		All measures were significantly different between the two groups (P < 0.001). General population and KS, phenotype severity were shown to affect the results of PWI.
PWI
Wellbeing	0.738
Satisfaction	0.706
Rapp et al. (23)
WHOQOL-100		Results for WHOQOL-100 for ranges 0–100 and 4–20 were:
Physical health	0.588	66.4 ± 19.4; 14.6 ± 3.1
Psychological	0.673	63.3 ± 17.8; 14.1 ± 2.8.
Social relations	0.659	59.4 ± 21.9; 13.5 ± 3.5
Environment	0.653	69.9 ± 14.9; 15.2 ± 2.4
Skakkebaek et al. (33)		All subscales of QoL ‘WHOQOL-100&SF-36’ showed large significant differences between HC and KS (P < 0.001) with the lower scores belonging to KS.
WHOQOL-100	N/A
SF-36	–
Fabrazzo et al. (30)		All sub-items showed statistical difference (P <0.05) compared to HC. Subscales ‘physical health/activities, leisure time activities, social relations, and general activities’ (P= ≤ 0.05). No significant differences in subscales ‘Work, household duties, school/class work and subjective feelings.’
Q-LES-Q sub-items
General life	0.686
Sexual performance	1.185
Physical health	0.471

PWI, Personal Wellbeing index (36); Q-LES-Q, Italian Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire (38); SF-36, 36 Item short form survey (37); WHOQOL-100, World Health Organisation Quality of Life 100 bref (14).