Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of cases versus non-cases of incident hip fracture, The Singapore Chinese Health Study, 1993–2010
| Characteristics | Men | Women | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fracture cases (n = 450) | Non-cases (n=27,463) | Fracture cases (n = 1,180) | Non-cases (n=34,061) | |
| Age at recruitment (years) (SD) | 63.5 (7.0) | 56.6 (7.9) | 64.2 (6.7) | 56.0 (7.9) |
| Body mass index (SD) | 22.4 (2.9) | 23.0 (3.2) | 23.2 (3.2) | 23.2 (3.3) |
| Level of education (%) | ||||
| No formal education | 17.1 | 10.8 | 57.5 | 39.8 |
| Primary | 62.9 | 51.0 | 34.3 | 39.1 |
| Secondary or higher | 20.0 | 38.2 | 8.2 | 21.1 |
| Smoking status (%) | ||||
| Never smoker | 34.2 | 42.1 | 85.7 | 91.4 |
| Former smoker | 28.7 | 21.7 | 4.2 | 2.5 |
| Current smoker | 37.1 | 36.2 | 10.1 | 6.1 |
| Alcohol consumption (%) | ||||
| Daily drinkers | 9.1 | 6.4 | 0.8 | 1.2 |
| Daily energy intake (kcal) (SD) | 1,638.2 (614.5) | 1,751.5 (608.6) | 1,314 (454.2) | 1,402.2 (472.4) |
| At least weekly use of vitamin supplements (%) | 4.7 | 4.8 | 6.4 | 7.6 |
| Vitamin D (IU) (SD) | 62 (37) | 62 (35) | 68 (47) | 70 (43) |
| Calcium (mg/1,000 kcal/day) (SD) | 244 (94) | 240 (98) | 288 (145) | 293 (137) |
| Soy isoflavones (mg/1,000 kcal/day) (SD) | 11 (9) | 11 (8) | 11 (10) | 12.7 (9.7) |
| Physical activity (%) | ||||
| None | 72.0 | 75.3 | 79.5 | 80.0 |
| 0.5–3 h per week | 13.3 | 15.5 | 12.6 | 12.7 |
| ≥4 h per week | 14.7 | 9.2 | 7.9 | 7.3 |
| Postmenopausal (%) | 96.7 | 72.6 | ||
| Hormone replacement therapy (%) | 0.9 | 3.8 | ||
| Diabetes mellitus (%) | 12.9 | 8.6 | 20.8 | 8.8 |
| Stroke (%) | 4.9 | 1.8 | 3.2 | 1.2 |
All differences between cases and non-cases of hip fractures were statistically significant at two-sided p<0.0003, except calcium, at least weekly use of vitamins for both genders; vitamin D, soy isoflavonoids for men; and BMI, alcohol consumption, physical activity for women (p>0.05)