Table 4.
Dietary intake of B vitamins in relation to hip fracture risk among men (n=27,913), the Singapore Chinese Health Study, 1993–2010
| Characteristics | Basic model | Full model | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cases | HRa | 95 % CI | HRb | 95 % CI | |
| Thiamin (B1) (mg/1,000 kcal /day) | |||||
| Q1 (0.24–0.49) | 137 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Q2 (0.49–0.57) | 106 | 0.94 | 0.73–1.22 | 0.95 | 0.73–1.23 |
| Q3 (0.57–0.65) | 112 | 1.14 | 0.89–1.47 | 1.14 | 0.88–1.48 |
| Q4 (0.65–1.07) | 95 | 0.97 | 0.75–1.26 | 0.96 | 0.72–1.26 |
| p for trend | 0.78 | 0.89 | |||
| Riboflavin (B2) (mg/1,000 kcal /day) | |||||
| Q1 (0.24–0.50) | 127 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Q2 (0.50–0.59) | 122 | 1.10 | 0.86–1.41 | 1.10 | 0.85–1.43 |
| Q3 (0.59–0.69) | 98 | 0.91 | 0.70–1.18 | 0.90 | 0.66–1.21 |
| Q4 (0.69–1.25) | 103 | 1.08 | 0.83–1.40 | 1.02 | 0.71–1.46 |
| p for trend | 0.96 | 0.76 | |||
| Niacin (B3) (mg/1,000 kcal /day) | |||||
| Q1 (3.36–6.19) | 110 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Q2 (6.19–6.94) | 120 | 1.18 | 0.91–1.53 | 1.19 | 0.92–1.54 |
| Q3 (6.94–7.72) | 126 | 1.30 | 1.01–1.68 | 1.30 | 1.00–1.68 |
| Q4 (7.72–10.98) | 94 | 1.04 | 0.79–1.37 | 1.00 | 0.75–1.31 |
| p for trend | 0.54 | 0.75 | |||
| Pyridoxine (B6) (mg/1,000 kcal /day) | |||||
| Q1 (0.36–0.61) | 118 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Q2 (0.61–0.69) | 117 | 1.20 | 0.93–1.55 | 1.23 | 0.95–1.59 |
| Q3 (0.69–0.78) | 97 | 1.10 | 0.84–1.44 | 1.11 | 0.85–1.47 |
| Q4 (0.78–1.70) | 118 | 1.27 | 0.98–1.64 | 1.29 | 0.99–1.68 |
| p for trend | 0.13 | 0.11 | |||
| Folate (B9) (μg/1,000 kcal /day) | |||||
| Q1 (37.14–79.00) | 138 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Q2 (79.00–96.12) | 103 | 0.88 | 0.68–1.14 | 0.90 | 0.69–1.17 |
| Q3 (96.12–117.21) | 117 | 1.10 | 0.86–1.42 | 1.13 | 0.87–1.47 |
| Q4 (117.21–228.94) | 92 | 1.00 | 0.77–1.31 | 1.02 | 0.76–1.37 |
| p for trend | 0.60 | 0.53 | |||
| Cobalamin (B12) (μg/1,000 kcal /day) | |||||
| Q1 (0.04–1.11) | 117 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Q2 (1.11–1.45) | 122 | 1.13 | 0.88–1.46 | 1.14 | 0.88–1.47 |
| Q3 (1.45–1.83) | 111 | 1.13 | 0.87–1.47 | 1.13 | 0.87–1.48 |
| Q4(1.83–3.57) | 100 | 1.10 | 0.84–1.44 | 1.08 | 0.82–1.44 |
| p for trend | 0.48 | 0.58 | |||
CI confidence interval
HRs were adjusted for age at recruitment (in years), year of recruitment (1993–1995, 1995–1998), dialect group (Hokkien, Cantonese), body mass index (<20, 20–24, 24–28, ≥28 kg/m2), level of education in categories (no formal education, primary school, secondary school or higher), and total energy intake (in kilocalorie)
HR, further adjusted for smoking status (never, ex-smokers, current smokers), moderate physical activity (none, 2–3 h weekly, 4+ h weekly), calcium (quartiles, in milligrams/1,000 kcal/day), soy isoflavones (quartiles, in milligrams/1,000 kcal/day), and baseline self-reported physician-diagnosed history of diabetes mellitus and stroke