Table 5.
Dietary intake of B vitamins in relation to hip fracture risk among women (n=35,241), the Singapore Chinese Health Study, 1993–2010
| Characteristics | Basic model | Full model | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cases | HRa | 95 % CI | HRb | 95 % CI | |
| Thiamin (B1) (mg/1,000 kcal/day) | |||||
| Q1 (0.23–0.49) | 278 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Q2 (0.49–0.57) | 276 | 1.01 | 0.85–1.19 | 1.01 | 0.85–1.20 |
| Q3 (0.57–0.65) | 291 | 1.05 | 0.89–1.24 | 1.04 | 0.88–1.24 |
| Q4 (0.65–1.34) | 335 | 1.18 | 1.01–1.39 | 1.13 | 0.95–1.33 |
| p for trend | 0.03 | 0.14 | |||
| Riboflavin (B2) (mg/1,000 kcal/day) | |||||
| Q1 (0.25–0.50) | 298 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Q2 (0.50–0.59) | 304 | 1.13 | 0.96–1.33 | 1.11 | 0.94–1.32 |
| Q3 (0.59–0.69) | 253 | 1.02 | 0.86–1.21 | 0.97 | 0.80–1.18 |
| Q4 (0.69–3.89) | 325 | 1.04 | 0.89–1.23 | 0.92 | 0.73–1.15 |
| p for trend | 0.91 | 0.29 | |||
| Niacin (B3) (mg/1,000 kcal/day) | |||||
| Q1 (3.57–6.19) | 360 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Q2 (6.19–6.94) | 297 | 0.96 | 0.82–1.11 | 0.94 | 0.80–1.09 |
| Q3 (6.94–7.71) | 261 | 0.97 | 0.83–1.14 | 0.95 | 0.81–1.11 |
| Q4 (7.71–10.90) | 262 | 1.05 | 0.89–1.23 | 1.00 | 0.85–1.17 |
| p for trend | 0.62 | 0.93 | |||
| Pyridoxine (B6) (mg/1,000 kcal/day) | |||||
| Q1 (0.37–0.61) | 417 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Q2 (0.61–0.69) | 285 | 0.82 | 0.70–0.95 | 0.82 | 0.71–0.96 |
| Q3 (0.69–0.78) | 249 | 0.79 | 0.68–0.93 | 0.79 | 0.67–0.93 |
| Q4 (0.78–1.76) | 229 | 0.77 | 0.66–0.91 | 0.78 | 0.66–0.93 |
| p for trend | 0.001 | 0.002 | |||
| Folate (B9) (μg/1,000 kcal/day) | |||||
| Q1 (26.75–78.93) | 334 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Q2 (78.93–96.10) | 314 | 1.04 | 0.89–1.22 | 1.05 | 0.90–1.23 |
| Q3 (96.10–117.21) | 265 | 0.96 | 0.81–1.13 | 0.98 | 0.82–1.16 |
| Q4 (117.21–331.46) | 267 | 1.00 | 0.85–1.18 | 1.03 | 0.86–1.23 |
| Cobalamin (B12) (μg/1,000 kcal/day) | |||||
| p for trend | 0.77 | 0.97 | |||
| Q1 (0.01–1.11) | 324 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Q2 (1.11–1.45) | 282 | 1.02 | 0.87–1.20 | 1.01 | 0.86–1.19 |
| Q3 (1.45–1.83) | 281 | 0.99 | 0.84–1.16 | 0.96 | 0.81–1.13 |
| Q4(1.83–6.28) | 293 | 0.97 | 0.83–1.14 | 0.90 | 0.76–1.07 |
| p for trend | 0.65 | 0.20 | |||
CI confidence interval
HRs were adjusted for age at recruitment (in years), year of recruitment (1993–1995, 1995–1998), dialect group (Hokkien, Cantonese), body mass index (<20, 20–24, 24–28, ≥28 kg/m2), level of education in categories (no formal education, primary school, secondary school or higher), and total energy intake (in kilocalorie)
HR, further adjusted for smoking status (never, ex-smokers, current smokers), moderate physical activity (none, 2–3 h weekly, 4+ h weekly), calcium (quartiles, in milligrams/1,000 kcal/day), soy isoflavones (quartiles, in milligrams/1,000 kcal/day), menopausal status (women only; yes, no), use of hormone replacement therapy at recruitment (women only; yes, no), and baseline self-reported physician-diagnosed history of diabetes mellitus and stroke