Table 3.
Summary of major interventions of the included studies
| Author* | Details of intervention | Type of intervention |
|---|---|---|
| Agarwal RP et al., Chanta A et al., Chen N et al., Lim SA et al., Heine et al., Morgan N et al., Bhargav et al. (36) | 3-20 weeks, 40-90 min, 1-3 times a week majorly Hatha yoga was practiced which mostly included mountain pose, standing sun pose, standing forward bend, lunge pose, push-up pose, lifted hip pose, upward facing dog pose, downward facing dog pose, warrior pose, triangle pose, modified dancer pose, eagle pose, seated twist pose, head to knee pose, bow pose, cat pose, child pose, supine twist pose, half bridge pose, half shoulder stand pose, and fish pose (Sukhasana/Vajrasana/Yogamudra/Paschimottanasana/ArdhaMatsyendrasana/Shavasana/Naukasana/Bhujangasana/Ardha-Shalabhasana/Chakrasana/Vrikasana/Sarvangasana) Pranayama: Adhama/Pranayama/Bhastrika/Ujjayi/Surya Bhedana/Chandra bhedana/Nadi Shodhana/Kapalbhati Buddhist meditation (25 MIN) Compassion meditation: compassion meditation (karuna for 12.5 min) MBSR |
Yoga, Pranayama and Meditation |
| Twal WO et al., Balasubramanian et al. (2) | Enrolled participants were randomized to one of two conditions: Yogic Breathing (YB) arm versus the Attention Control (AC) arm. The Yoga instructor taught each participant in the YB group how to perform YB, which consisted of a combination of 10 min of Om chanting (Pranava Pranayama) followed by 10 min of TMP as described previously. Briefly, the participants were taught to inhale through one nostril for two counts, hold the breath for eight counts, and exhale for four counts. Pranava Pranayama and Thirumoolar Pranayama (TMP) |
Pranayama |
| Gallegos AM et al., (1) | 8-week MBSR program. | Meditation |
| Black DS et al. (1) | Kirtan Kriya Meditation (KKM) is a 12-minute yogic meditation chanting practice guided by an audio CD that is performed at the same time each and every day for a total of eight weeks. KKM progresses through 1 minute of silently focusing inwards on the mind and body in the present moment, then, 11 minutes of mudras or repetitive finger movements while chanting “Saa, Taa, Naa, Maa” that are chanted first aloud, gradually softening into a whisper, and then silently. The meditation practice was completed with deep breathing and the visualization of light. |
Yoga and Meditation |
| Huberty et al., Khosravi N et al., Kiecolt-Glaser JK et al., Pallavi et al., Pratibha et al., Bower JE et al., Eda N et al., Harkess KN et al. (8) | Ones -twice a week, 4-12 weeks, 60-90 min ( Hatha yoga classes) | Yoga |
| Bower JE et al., Cahn BR et al., Nagarathna R et al. (29) | The intervention includes 2 hour of sitting meditation practices, 1-2 h of yoga practice with a meditative component and 10 min to 1 h of chanting daily. Iyengar system to reduce fatigue, emphasized postures and breathing techniques, passive inversions (i.e., supported upside down postures in which the head is lower than the heart) and passive backbends (i.e., supported spinal extensions) (for description of all study postures) Prayer may include (Age 6-18 years: Vinayaka Remover of all obstacles; age 18-60 years: Maha-Mrityunjaya Remover of fear of death; and>60 years: Dhanvantari Lord of health. For every group, 4 activities were carried out-Loosening Exercises (Shithilikarana Vyayama); breathing exercises and asanas; Kriya (cleansing technique) and prynayama: and Meditation) Shoonya meditation (sitting practice focused on a state of “non-doing”), Samyama meditation (sitting practice with breath-focused open awareness) as well as diverse Hatha yoga (mindful movement/stretching) and Pranayama (focused breath control) practices. Forward and backward bending:), Spinal twisting, Surya Namaskar Hand streatching, Tiger breathing (1 min), Chair Vakrasana (1 min); Kriya (cleansing techniques) and Pranayama: Nadishuddhi Pranayama (2 min) Kapalabhati Kriya (30 strokes - 1 min) A: Kapalabhati Kriya (30 strokes - 1 min), Abdominal breathing (1 min), Nadishuddhi Pranayama (2 min) Kapalabhati Kriya (30 strokes - 1 min), Abdominal breathing (1 min) Surya Anuloma Viloma Pranayama (1 min), Nadishuddhi Pranayama (2 min); Meditation: Sun meditation (2 min) |
Yoga, pranayama, meditation and chanting |
| Chen PJ et al., Danhauer SC et al., Pullen et al., Falkenberg RI et al. (4) | Hatha yoga, Tibetan Yoga (TY), Movements, Breathing, Meditation, Relaxation with guided imagery; and Deep relaxation; as followings: a) 5-min warm-up phase including breathing exercises (pranayama), b) 40-min period of standing and/or seated yoga postures (asanas), and finally, c) 15-min relaxation phase. Min- 10-120 min; Weekly- 1-5 days; Weeks- 3-20 weeks |
Yoga, pranayama and relaxation exercise |
| Gopalan BP et al. (1) | Running was practiced in the morning or evening depending on the weather condition for a minimum of 4 times per week for 20 to 45 min covering a distance of 3 to 10 km for each child depending on the age Practice of yoga asanas during the morning hours for a minimum of 4 times per week for 15 to 30 min Each yoga session consisted of the sun salute (Surya namaskara); the practice of various aligned postures or asanas (Svastikasana, Vajrasana, Trikonasana, Parsvakonasana, Simhasana, Paschimottanasana, Purvottanasana, Pawanmuktasana, Bhujangasana, and Uttanapadasana); controlled breathing (pranayama); and deep relaxation techniques All the practices (running and yoga) were done under supervision, and compliance was recorded All the study participants on an average completed 4 sessions per week during the study period |
Running, yoga and pranayama |
| Herzog and Yam (1) | The experimental group was treated by laughter yoga by a trainer for 20 to 30 minutes under researcher’s observation. | Laughter yoga |
| Naoroibam R et al., Rajbhoj PH et al., Lambert BS et al., Nugent NR et al., Rao et al., Gunjiganvi M et al. (6) | One month training, 2-7 days a week, 45-80 min; as followings: Loosening practices (5 min)- hands, legs, neck and trunk. Suryanamaskar -5 min Breathing practices (15 min)- hands in and out, hand streatching breathing, ankle stretch breathing, sectional breathing, tiger breathing and bridge posture breathing; Relaxation techniques (5 min): deep relaxation technique, Quick relaxation technique; Pranayama (10 min): Anulom- Vilom, Bhramari, Ujjayi, Kapalabhati, Om Chanting Nadishuddhi, sitali and bhramari. Shavasana, Ardh-halasana (half plough Pose), Viparita karani (inverted pose), Matsyasana (fish pose), Naukasana (boat pose), Setubandhasana (bridge pose), Bhujangasana (cobra pose), Ardha shalabhasana (half locust pose), Shalabhasana (locust pose), Dhanurasana (bow pose), Vakrasana (twisted pose), Gomukhasana (cow face pose), Paschimatanasana (forward bending pose), Supta vajrasana (reclining adamant pose), Ushtrsana (camel pose), Chakrasana (wheel pose), Utkatasana (chair pose), Vrikshasana (tree pose), Tadasana (mountain pose), halfmoon pose, awkward pose, eagel pose, standing head to knee, standing bow pulling, Balancing stick pose, standing separate leg, triangle pose, standing separate leg head to knee, toe stand, corpse pose, bow pose, full locust pose, cobra pose, sit up, winding removing pose, fix firm pose, half tortoise pose, rabbit pose, head to knee stretching, spinal twist, rapid breathing For hot yoga: a heated (HY: 105°F, 40.5°C), humidity: 45% Yogtherapy (YTP) group was given Pranayama (breath control exercises) and Yogic asanas (Yoga postures) along with standard physiotherapy (CTP) for maximum of 1 hr daily upto 4 weeks after discharge of 4.3±2.0 days of length of stay; whereas CTP group was only given standard physiotherapy; in both groups of patients with blunt chest trauma. |
Yoga and pranayam |
| Rao RM et al. (1) | Yoga: 20 min, pranayama: 10 min, meditation :30 min | Yoga, pranayama, meditation and chanting; and counselling |
| Rima D et al. (1) | Intervention program lasted for 2 hours each day and that was for 6 months, comprising theory and practice sessions. Generally, the program starts with an array of asanas consists of various postures and pranayama which consists of typical breathing exercise | Yoga and pranayama |
| Shete SU et al. (1) | 6 days a week for 3-6 months, Each yoga session comprised 1 h yoga training intervention, Bhujangasana, Shalabhasana, Makarasana, Supine, Uttanapadasana, Setubhandhasana, Pavanmuktasana, Matsyasana, Savasana, Kapalbhati, Ujjayi, Nadishodhana, Bhramar, ardha halasana, halasan, viprita karani, naukasana, ardha shalabhasana, shalabhasana, vajrasanna, supta vajrasana, gomukh asan, Vakrasana, paschimatanasana, ustrasana, parvatasana chakrasana, tadasana, padahastasana, vrikshasana, utkatasana, veerbhadrasana, anulom vilom, bhramari, ujjayi, kapalbhati. The yoga training duration was divided into three stages, that is, an adaptation stage with no maintenance time in asanas and pranayama without kumbhaka (3 weeks), a gradual advancement in yoga practice (6 weeks), and continuation stage (3 weeks). |
Yoga and pranayama |
| Ye X et al., (1) | Yoga (60-120 min), weekly (1-5), weeks (40 days-12 weeks), meditation (dmards, nsaids, prescription) | Yoga and meditation |
*Note: Figures in parentheses in Author column indicate the number of articles mentioned about the intervention