Table 1.
Associations between plasma and CSF levels of sST2 and parasite and host response factors in children with cerebral malaria (CM) or severe malarial anemia (SMA)
CM CSF ST2 level | CM plasma ST2 level | SMA plasma ST2 level | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | beta coefficient [95% CI] | P value | n | beta coefficient [95% CI] | P value | n | beta coefficient [95% CI] | P value | |
Parasite burden | |||||||||
Peripheral blood parasite density | 147 | −0.01 [−0.09, 0.07] | 0.81 | 218 | 0.05 [0.01, 0.09] | 0.02 | 193 | 0.03 [−0.02, 0.07] | 0.29 |
Plasma PfHRP-2 level | 153 | 0.21 [0.08, 0.35] | 0.003 | 224 | 0.14 [0.07, 0.20] | <0.001 | 193 | 0.08 [0.02, 0.14] | 0.009 |
Plasma markers of endothelial activation | |||||||||
sICAM-1 | 140 | −0.10 [−0.24, 0.04] | 0.17 | 172 | 0.12 [0.05, 0.20] | 0.002 | 157 | 0.07 [−0.00, 0.14] | 0.06 |
sVCAM-1 | 140 | 0.68 [0.37, 0.99] | <0.001 | 172 | 0.34 [0.16, 0.52] | <0.001 | 157 | 0.50 [0.29, 0.70] | <0.001 |
Angiopoietin 1 | 135 | −0.19 [−0.35, -0.02] | 0.02 | 189 | −0.07 [−0.15, 0.01] | 0.07 | 154 | −0.11 [−0.22, -0.01] | 0.03 |
Angiopoietin 2 | 135 | 0.16 [−0.05, 0.37] | 0.13 | 189 | 0.27 [0.17, 0.37] | <0.001 | 154 | 0.26 [0.16, 0.36] | <0.001 |
Ratio Angpt1: Angpt2 | 135 | 0.20 [0.07, 0.34] | 0.003 | 189 | 0.15 [0.09, 0.21] | <0.001 | 154 | 0.21 [0.13, 0.28] | <0.001 |
VEGF | 140 | 0.10 [−0.10, 0.30] | 0.32 | 195 | −0.06 [−0.16, 0.04] | 0.24 | 157 | −0.09 [−0.23, 0.05] | 0.21 |
PDGF | 140 | −0.15 [−0.34, 0.04] | 0.12 | 195 | −0.11 [−0.20, -0.02] | 0.02 | 157 | −0.06 [−0.17, 0.06] | 0.32 |
E-selectin | 140 | 0.33 [−0.10, 0.75] | 0.13 | 172 | 0.61 [0.39, 0.84] | <0.001 | 157 | 0.59 [0.35, 0.82] | <0.001 |
P-selectin | 136 | −0.03 [−0.41, 0.34] | 0.86 | 164 | 0.55 [0.34, 0.76] | <0.001 | 90 | 0.27 [0.01, 0.54] | 0.04 |
Von Willebrand Factor | 124 | −0.14 [−0.42, 0.14] | 0.33 | 157 | 0.12 [−0.02, 0.27] | 0.10 | 135 | 0.20 [0.04, 0.36] | 0.02 |
Markers of neuronal injury | |||||||||
Plasma tau level | 106 | 0.15 [−0.07, 0.38] | 0.18 | 177 | 0.16 [0.06, 0.27] | 0.003 | 153 | 0.32 [0.18, 0.47] | <0.001 |
CSF tau level | 122 | 0.12 [−0.08, 0.32] | 0.24 | 114 | 0.21 [0.09, 0.33] | <0.001 | |||
CSF:plasma albumin index | 131 | 0.71 [0.47, 0.95] | <0.001 | 121 | 0.18 [0.02, 0.35] | 0.03 |
All factors are continuous variables and were log transformed (base 10) prior to linear regression analysis. Data presented as beta coefficient and 95% CI. Corrected for multiple comparisons using Bonferroni correction within each type of marker, P<0.025 for parasite factors, P<0.005 for markers of endothelial activation, and P<0.025 for markers of neuronal injury.
Abbreviations: CM, cerebral malaria; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; SMA, severe malarial anemia; CI, confidence interval; PfHRP-2, P. falciparum histidine-rich protein; Ratio Angpt 1:Angpt 2, ratio of plasma levels of angiopoietin 1 to angiopoietin 2. See Methods for abbreviations of additional markers of endothelial activation.