Table 5.
Designs and results of some studies evaluating the assertive behavior (AB) and its determinants.
| 1st author(s) | Kobya Bulut | Hamouda | Kılıç and Sevinç | Maheshwari | Sarkova | AbdElAzim Ibrahim | Pourjali | Kimble | Present study | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reference (year of publication) | (18) (2019) | (16) (2018) | (19) (2017) | (20, 21) (2015) | (17) (2013) | (49) (2011) | (22) (2010) | (50) (1985) | - | ||
| Country (town) | Turkey (Trabzon) | Egypt (Benha) | Turkey (Kilis and Elazig cities) | India (Punjab) | Slovakia (Kosice) | Egypt (Port Said) | Iran (Shiraz) | USA (Texas) | Tunisia (Sousse) | ||
| Main aim: to determine the | Assertiveness and self-esteem levels and their influencing factors | Relationship between assertiveness and job satisfaction | Relationship between cultural sensitivities and assertiveness | Relationship of assertiveness and self-esteem Relationship of AB and ICSI |
Associations between adolescents’ AB, psychological wellbeing, and self-esteem | Factors affecting AB among student nurses | Relationships between assertiveness, the power of saying no with mental health | Differences in assertiveness related with sex, age, cultural or ethnic group, and birth order | AB levels and its predictors | ||
| Study design | Descriptive correlational | Descriptive correlational | Descriptive, cross-sectional | Exploratory correlational, cross sectional | Correlational | Descriptive analytical | Cross sectional correlational | Cross sectional analytic | Cross sectional | ||
| Fields | Nursing students | Nurses | Nursing students | Nurses | Adolescent students | Nursing students | Undergraduate students | Undergraduate psychology students | Undergraduate medical students | ||
| Sample size (M/F) | 426 (80/346) | 225 (0/225) | 444 (126/318) | 220 (11/209) | 1023 (487/536) | 207 (NR/NR) | 120 (58/62) | 782 (279/355) | 125 (47/78) | ||
| Age (year) | NR | 28±10a | 21±2a | 32±8a | 15±1a | NR | NR | 17-58b | 19±1a | ||
| Applied questionnaires | Personal information form RAS Coopersmith self-esteem inventory |
AB questionnaire Job satisfaction questionnaire |
Personal form Intercultural sensitivity scale RAS |
Socio demographic sheet RAS RSE scale ICSI (Com-Sat) |
Scale for interpersonal behavior GHQ RSE scale |
RAS 12-item to measure empowerment |
RAS GHQ Power of ‘saying No’ questionnaire |
RAS Personal information form |
Sociodemographic data RAS RSE scale SF-36 ICSI GHQ |
||
| AB | Frequency | 506% | NR | NR | NR | NR | 60.4% | NR | NR | 36.8% | |
| Value | 11.51±1.59a | NR | 112.64±15.6a 52 to 164b |
-10.76±8.69a -36to14b |
23.34±3.69a | NR | NR |
M: 12.90±22.87a F:-4.49±23.31a |
4.06±23.14a M: 9.64±24.05a F: 0.69±22.06a |
||
| Determinants | NR | NR | Age Family income Providing care to patients whospokeforeignlanguages Willing to workabroad |
Age Being graduated from public school/college Working on regular basis Working in government hospitals |
Anxiety/depression Social dysfunction Positive self-esteem (only for distress dimension of assertiveness) Negative self-esteem |
Residence Family income |
NR | Sex Age Ethnicity |
RSE global score Sending clear messages Anxiety/depression Sex |
||
F: females. GHQ: general health questionnaire. ICSI: interpersonal communication skills inventory. M: males. NR: not-reported. RAS: Rathus assertiveness scale. RSE: Rosenberg self-esteem. SF-36: short-form-36. Data were: aMean±standard deviation, bRange;