Table 1.
Drugs implicated in patient episodes with adverse drug reactions (ADRs)*
| Drug class | No of ADRs (%) | Offending drug | ADR |
| Diuretics | 31 (14.2) | Furosemide (13), spironolactone (8), bumetanide (6), bendroflumethiazide (2), co-amilofruse (1), indapamide (1) | Renal impairment (18), electrolyte derangement (12), postural hypotension (1) |
| Steroid inhaler | 27 (12.4) | Steroid inhaler (27) | Pneumonia (26), oral thrush (1) |
| Anticoagulants | 21 (9.6) | Warfarin (7), apixaban (5), edoxaban (4), rivaroxaban (4), enoxaparin (1) | Minor bleeding (10), anaemia (4), intracranial haemorrhage (4), gastrointestinal bleed (3) |
| Proton pump inhibitor | 18 (8.3) | Lansoprazole (9), omeprazole (6), pantoprazole (3) | Hypomagnesaemia (11), hyponatraemia (6), Clostridium difficile (1) |
| Antiplatelet | 16 (7.4) | Aspirin (13), clopidogrel (3) | Intracranial haemorrhage (5), gastrointestinal bleed (4), minor bleeding (4), anaemia |
| Chemotherapy | 16 (7.3) | Chemotherapy (16) | Neutropenic sepsis (8), sepsis (4), constipation (1), deranged electrolytes (1), rash (1), thrombocytopenia (1) |
| ACE inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker | 14 (6.4) | Losartan (4), ramipril (4), irbesartan (3), candesartan (1), lisinopril (1), perindopril (1) | Renal impairment (9), postural hypotension (3), hyperkalaemia (1), renal failure (1) |
| Antidepressants & antipsychotics | 13 (6.0) | Mirtazapine (2), sertraline (2), sulpiride (2), carbemazapine (1), dosulepin (1), nortriptyline (1), olanzapine (1), risperidone (1) | Confusion (3), hyponatraemia (3), parkinsonism (3), constipation (1), gastrointestinal bleed (1), prolonged QTc (1) |
| Opiates | 13 (6.0) | Codeine (5), morphine sulfate (3), oxycodone (2), tramadol (2), buprenorphine (1) | Constipation (6), confusion (4), respiratory depression (2), hallucinations (1) |
| Other | 49 (22.4) | Other (49) | Other (49) |
*In those with multiple ADRs, only the most severe ADR was included in this table, as defined by the Adapted Hartwig Severity Scale16 (see online supplemental material 1 for full list).
QTc, corrected QT interval.