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. 2022 Jul 5;50(12):1846–1856. doi: 10.1007/s10439-022-03000-4

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© The Author(s) under exclusive licence to Biomedical Engineering Society 2022

This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

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The ex vivo study that compares the CPI-2 system and a monitor-based system. (a) An experienced medical expert in OSU watches the transmitted video and draws the optimal trajectories for surgical excision; (b) A trainee removes the lesion according to the trajectory drawn by the expert; (c) The CPI-2 system projects the annotation drawn by the expert to the squid tissue; (d) The incision drawn by the trainee using blue ink; (e) The lesion removed by the trainee; (f) The squid tissue sutured by the trainee.