Figure 3. Taxa and habitats affected by climate change and wildlife trade.

(A) An Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus) in Alaska (image courtesy of Alaska Department of Fish and Game). Climate change may increase functional diversity in polar and temperate regions as native fauna, such as the Arctic fox, is being replaced by northwardly range-shifting species, such as the red fox (B; Vulpes vulpes) (photo by Peter Hudson). This could potentially increase rabies spillover to humans in Alaska as the red fox is generally a more human-landscape adaptable reservoir species. (C) Several species aggregating around a small water hole in southern Africa (photo by Nick Fox). In the tropics and sub-tropics, climate change is reducing water availability, which may increase taxonomic and interaction diversity. This in turn could increase spillover risk of E. coli as more hosts start to share common water resources. (D) Elephants in Tarangire National Park, Tanzania, protected from poaching (photo by Peter Hudson). The wildlife trade is reducing wild elephant populations and other large-bodied animals, thereby decreasing biodiversity (taxonomic, genetic, functional, interaction, and landscape diversity) and leading to a higher demand for meat from small-bodied mammals such as bats, potentially increasing spillover risk of Ebola and other disease borne by small mammals.