Table 1.
Baseline Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Hip Fracture Patients, Stratified by Sex
| Variable | Males (n = 168) | Females (n = 171) | p * |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD) | 80.4 (7.8) | 81.4 (7.9) | .20 |
| Race (%) | .62 | ||
| White | 147 (87.5) | 152 (88.9) | |
| Non-White | 16 (9.5) | 12 (7.0) | |
| Unknown | 5 (3.0) | 7 (4.1) | |
| Married (%) | 87 (51.8) | 47 (27.5) | <.01 |
| Live alone (%) | 39 (23.2) | 81 (47.4) | <.01 |
| Education (years), mean (SD) | 13.2 (3.8) | 13.0 (3.0) | .74 |
| Length of stay (days), mean (SD) | 5.4 (2.4) | 5.2 (2.7) | .10 |
| Fracture location (%) | .20 | ||
| Femoral neck | 74 (44.0) | 93 (54.4) | |
| Intertrochanteric | 73 (43.5) | 62 (36.3) | |
| Other | 19 (11.3) | 16 (9.4) | |
| Body mass index, mean (SD) | 25.6 (4.5) | 25.0(5.6) | .29 |
| Charlson comorbidity index, mean (SD) | 2.5 (1.9) | 1.6 (1.6) | <.01 |
| Congestive heart failure (%) | 32 (19.2) | 25 (14.6) | .26 |
| Peripheral vascular disease (%) | 35 (21.0) | 19 (11.1) | .01 |
| Myocardial infarction (%) | 37 (22.2) | 17 (9.9) | <.01 |
| Stroke (%) | 31 (18.6) | 25 (14.6) | .33 |
| Transient ischemic accident (%) | 15 (9.0) | 13 (7.6) | .65 |
| Dementia/Alzheimer’s (%) | 28 (16.8) | 18 (10.5) | .09 |
| Respiratory disease (%) | 45 (27.0) | 32 (18.7) | .07 |
| Diabetes (without end-stage organ damage) (%) | 36 (21.6) | 32 (18.7) | .51 |
| Moderate renal disease† (%) | 12 (7.2) | 4 (2.3) | .03 |
| Any tumor (%) | 43 (25.8) | 30 (17.5) | .07 |
| Physical and instrumental disability | |||
| LPADL, mean (SD) | 2.4 (2.6) | 2.7 (2.6) | .27 |
| IADL, mean (SD) | 2.2 (1.5) | 1.8 (1.5) | <.01 |
| Physical performance‡ | |||
| Gait speed (m/s), mean (SD) | 0.32 (0.26) | 0.37 (0.24) | .13 |
| SPPB, mean (SD) | 2.9 (2.7) | 3.6 (2.7) | .07 |
| LEGS, mean (SD) | 14.4 (10.8) | 16.7 (9.8) | .14 |
| Cognition | |||
| 3MS, mean (SD) | 82.3 (16.4) | 86.2 (16.4) | .03 |
| Depressive symptoms | |||
| CES-D, mean (SD) | 17.4 (10.4) | 17.7 (11.4) | .82 |
| DXA measurements | |||
| Adjusted total body lean mass (kg), mean (SD) | 51.3 (7.74) | 37.0 (6.1) | <.01 |
| Adjusted appendicular lean mass (kg), mean (SD) | 21.5 (4.1) | 14.9 (3.2) | <.01 |
| Adjusted total body fat (kg), mean (SD) | 21.0 (8.6) | 23.4 (9.9) | .0465 |
| Femoral neck BMD, mean (SD) | 0.7392 (0.1370) | 0.6802 (0.1333) | <.01 |
| Grip strength (kg), mean (SD) | 29.3 (9.7) | 18.6 (6.7) | <.01 |
Note: LPADL = Lower Extremity Physical Activities of Daily Living; IADL = Instrumental Activities of Daily Living; SPPB = Short Physical Performance Battery; LEGS = Lower Extremity Gain Scale; 3MS = Modified Mini-Mental State Examination; CES-D = Center for Epidemiologic Studies—Depression scale; BMD = bone mineral density; DXA = dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry.
*p value from t-test for continuous variables and chi-squared test for categorical variables.
†Moderate renal disease was defined as not on dialysis, but creatinine >3 mg%.
‡All baseline physical performance assessments were completed at 2 months.