Figure 4. Summary of static/dynamic compression models with external apparatus. (A) Tail-suspended rat with its hind limbs off the floor.272 (B) Shear loading is generated from forces of different magnitudes on the adjecant vertebrae.281, 282 (C) Static disc bending model based on pins and an alignment jig.283 (D) Ilizarov-type apparatus is used to produce tail torsion. (E) Surgically implanted transfixing pins and percutaneous posts allow the application of static or dynamic axial compression and distraction loading at a single level of the rabbit lumbar spine.284 (F) Ilizarov-type apparatus is used to produce tail axial compression.
