Table 2. Decellularisation methods for bone grafts*.

	Method	Advantages	Drawbacks
Chemical	SDS	Complete removal of cellular components	Damages ECM: • Collagen disruption • GAG reduction
	Triton TnBP	Good preservation of the ECM	Poor cell removal efficiency
Enzymatic	DNAse	• Not damaging to the ECM • Very efficient in DNA debris elimination	Difficult to wash off tissues. Works only in combination with treatment disrupting cell membranes
	Trypsin	Efficient cell surface removal	Prolonged exposure can disrupt ECM
	EDTA	Disrupts cell adhesion to ECM	Inefficient alone, often combined with trypsin
Mechanical	Freeze/thaw	Efficient disruption of cell membranes	Does not efficiently remove cellular components & can damage ECM
	Pressure	Increases chemical exposure and debris removal in tissues	High pressures can affect ECM integrity

Note: *Adapted from Blaudez et al.²⁶ DNAse: deoxyribonuclease; ECM: extracellular matrix; EDTA: ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid;

SDS: sodium dodecyl sulfate; TnBP: tri-n-butyl phosphate.