Table 3. Advantages and disadvantages of animal models and bioreactors used in tissue-engineered heart valve studies.
| Model | Application | Objective | Year | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Computational modelling | Tissue-engineered heart valve | Guiding tissue-engineered heart valve design for long-term in vivo performance in a translational sheep model | 2018 | 22 |
| Tissue-engineered vascular graft | Identifying optimal design parameters to save development time and costs while improving clinical outcomes | 2019 | 103 | |
| Bioprosthetic heart valve | Investigating the impacts of bovine and porcine pericardium tissues with different thicknesses and tissue mechanical properties in bioprosthetic heart valve applications | 2019 2017 2016 |
104-106 | |
| Tissue-engineered heart valve | Integrating computational simulation into tissue-engineering approaches can lead to more successful and predictable clinical outcomes | 2018 | 107-109 | |
| Biomechanical model | Aortic stenosis | Providing the results of the numerical simulation of the valve function | 2020 | 110 |
| Finite element models | Congenital bicuspid aortic valve | Quantifying aortic valve and root biomechanical alterations associated with bicuspid geometry | 2010 | 111 |
| Calcific aortic valve disease | Studying the calcification progression in aortic valves | 2017 | 112 | |
| Bioprosthetic heart valve | Comparing tensile properties of xenopericardium to choose tissue more appropriate for bioprosthetic heart valve tissue | 2020 | 113 | |
| Three-dimensional bioprinting | Heart valve | Using computational fluid dynamics, digital image processing, artificial intelligence, and continuum mechanics during their optimisation and implementation to mimic the original and understand valvular problems | 2019 2018 |
114, 115 |
| Geometric model | Functional tri-leaflet aortic valves | Establishing a list of geometric guidelines to ensure safe operation of the valve during the cardiac cycle | 2006 | 116 |
| Numeric model | Aortic root | Studying the correlation between intraoperative effective height and diastolic coaptation | 2013 | 117 |
| Neural network material model | Simulation of the aortic heart valve | Providing an efficient computational analysis framework with increased physical and functional realism for the simulation of native and replacement tri-leaflet heart valves | 2021 2020 |
118, 119 |