Table 1.

Research Methodological Framework

Phase	Data Collection	Participants	Data Analysis
Launch June - July 2019	Form a research team (RT).	BHC staff, EI consultants, and city leaders.
	Meet city government and receive approval.
	Apply and obtain research ethics approval (exempt).
	Conduct a city literature review and discuss between RT and city government staff to identify vision statement and framing question.
Gain Clarity July 2019 - July 2020	Organize 4 workshops to explore 12 key forces through cause-and-effect analysis.	Da Nang governmental departments, nongovernmental organizations, universities, and related projects (n = 30)	Cause-and-effect analysis to develop casual loops.
	Review secondary data (reports related to Da Nang City collected and updated by the RT).		Build a Context Map on Kumu.
	Organize 3 community town halls with 11 focus group discussions (FGDs): (1) to share and refine the provisional map; and (2) gather narratives from diverse perspectives to extend relevance and depth.	Coastal community (n = 15)	Map feedback.
		Peri-urban community (n = 16)	Narrative data for each loop.
		Urban community (n = 14)	Finalize map.
Find Leverage October - December 2020	Target workshop participants based on expertise, sector/department and availability.	Governmental departments (health, environment, food safety), civil society organizations, and community representatives (n = 14)	Workshop data synthesis.
	Organize a Leverage Workshop with 4 FGDs.		Develop systemic change hypothesis/leverage opportunities.
			Visualize on Leverage Map.
Act Strategically January - October 2021	Conduct Waste Free School model pilot activity.	Participants from governmental departments (health, education, environment, food safety, information and communication), civil society organizations, private sector, researchers and community representatives (n = 20)	Code qualitative analysis (Nvivo) to identify key themes proposed by the participants.
	Organize online Theory of Action Workshop with 3 FGDs.
	Review the process of building maps and propose/design solutions toward a healthier city.