TABLE 1.

Bile acid concentrations in ileal content and serum.

Group		SS + VEH	SS + CBD	OVX + VEH	OVX + CBD	SS + VEH	SS + CBD	OVX + VEH	OVX + CBD
BA	Type	Ileum BA concentration (μg/mg Ileal Content)				Serum BA concentration (μg/mL Serum)
αMCA	1°	28 ± 27	32 ± 24	54 ± 38	89 ± 102	0.07 ± 0.05	0.04 ± 0.03	0.06 ± 0.06	0.06 ± 0.049
βMCA	1°	53 ± 51	109 ± 98	233 ± 264	137 ± 146	0.8 ± 0.7	0.3 ± 0.3	0.34 ± 0.3	0.25 ± 0.2
CA	1°	900 ± 835	1,131 ± 795	1,136 ± 828	2,122 ± 1961	0.5 ± 0.4	0.2 ± 0.13	0.23 ± 0.2	0.53 ± 0.5
CDCA	1°	13 ± 13.6	8.2 ± 8.1	6.6 ± 7.7	8.1 ± 7.1	0.006 ± 0.004b	0.003 ± 0.003a,b	0.005 ± 0.003a,b	0.002 ± 0.002a
GCA	1°	17 ± 13a	15 ± 6a	40 ± 18b	21 ± 11a	0.003 ± 0.004	0.002 ± 0.002	0.003 ± 0.004	N.D
GCDCA	1°	0.05 ± 0.1a	0.04 ± 0.03a	0.13 ± 0.1b	0.1 ± 0.1a,b	0.0004 ± 0.0006	0.0004 ± 0.0005	0.0002 ± 0.0005	0.0002 ± 0.0004
GUDCA	1°	0.9 ± 0.7a	0.8 ± 0.4a	4 ± 4.4b	1.5 ± 1.1a,b	0.014 ± 0.005	0.013 ± 0.003	0.012 ± 0.002	0.012 ± 0.003
TCA	1°	49 ± 15a,b	42 ± 23a,b	74 ± 35b	40 ± 16a	0.1 ± 0.03	0.1 ± 0.06	0.13 ± 0.14	0.1 ± 0.07
TCDCA	1°	110 ± 99	54 ± 42	29 ± 17	43 ± 27	0.006 ± 0.01	0.003 ± 0.003	0.007 ± 0.007	0.005 ± 0.003
TUDCA	1°	673 ± 418	737 ± 374	1,057 ± 783	795 ± 376	0.2 ± 0.6b	0.1 ± 0.1a	0.05 ± 0.03a	0.1 ± 0.05a,b
TαMCA	1°	147 ± 59a,b	105 ± 22a	260 ± 199b	157 ± 71a,b	0.03 ± 0.01b	0.01 ± 0.01a	0.03 ± 0.02b	0.01 ± 0.010a
TβMCA	1°	294 ± 105a,b	211 ± 95a	490 ± 318b	299 ± 121a,b	0.03 ± 0.02	0.02 ± 0.02	0.04 ± 0.04	0.02 ± 0.02
UDCA	1°	10.2 ± 10	6.7 ± 6.5	4.2 ± 5	5.7 ± 5	0.02 ± 0.12b	0.008 ± 0.006a	0.011 ± 0.006a	0.005 ± 0.003a
DCA	2°	24 ± 34	20 ± 18	12 ± 13	16 ± 12	0.11 ± 0.06b	0.05 ± 0.02a	0.07 ± 0.05a,b	0.03 ± 0.014a
GDCA	2°	0.1 ± 0.1	0.07 ± 0.1	0.02 ± 0.03	0.05 ± 0.02	0.0004 ± 0.004	0.0003 ± 0.003	0.0005 ± 0.006	0.0003 ± 0.0004
GHCA	2°	N.D	N.D	N.D	N.D.	0.0003 ± 0.0008	0.0004 ± 0.0008	0.0004 ± 0.0009	N.D
GLCA	2°	0.015 ± 0.04	0.009 ± 0.027	N.D	N.D	0.007 ± 0.01	0.013 ± 0.02	0.01 ± 0.01	0.004 ± 0.005
HCA	2°	1 ± 0.6a	1.8 ± 1.1a	4 ± 3b	1.5 ± 0.6a	0.02 ± 0.01	0.02 ± 0.01	0.024 ± 0.01	0.023 ± 0.01
HDCA	2°	19 ± 14	11 ± 7	24 ± 29	12 ± 10	0.03 ± 0.01	0.03 ± 0.01	0.04 ± 0.01	0.03 ± 0.001
isoDCA	2°	N.D	N.D	N.D	N.D	0.0001 ± 0.0001	N.D	4E-05 ± 6E-05	0.0001 ± 9E-05
MDCA	2°	2.7 ± 2.6	3 ± 2.5	14 ± 17	9 ± 10	0.014 ± 0.01b	0.005 ± 0.005a	0.007 ± 0.003a	0.008 ± 0.004a,b
NCA	2°	7.5 ± 6	2.4 ± 3	2 ± 3	6 ± 5.6	0.02 ± 0.03	0.004 ± 0.005	0.003 ± 0.004	0.005 ± 0.01
TDCA	2°	75 ± 53	44 ± 40	25 ± 11	43 ± 37	0.034 ± 0.01a	0.02 ± 0.01b	0.015 ± 0.01b	0.014 ± 0.01b
THDCA	2°	70 ± 41a	70 ± 41a	183 ± 118b	105 ± 35a,b	0.4 ± 0.5	0.3 ± 0.2	0.4 ± 0.2	0.3 ± 0.2
TLCA	2°	2 ± 1b	0.8 ± 0.6a	0.9 ± 0.6a,b	0.6 ± 0.2a	N.D	N.D	0.001 ± 0.003	N.D
TωMCA	2°	382 ± 145	255 ± 100	292 ± 178	234 ± 103	0.08 ± 0.02a,b	0.06 ± 0.03a,b	0.1 ± 0.03b	0.05 ± 0.02a
ωMCA	2°	17 ± 17a	30 ± 30a	148 ± 149b	31 ± 36a	0.587 ± 0.42	0.35 ± 0.19	0.54 ± 0.32	0.39 ± 0.3
Unconjugated BAs		867 ± 697	1,514 ± 1,191	1,376 ± 851	2,466 ± 2,267	2.2 ± 1.4	0.9 ± 0.3	1.5 ± 1	1.3 ± 1
Conjugated BAs		1851 ± 641	1,614 ± 721	2,228 ± 1932	1899 ± 479	0.7 ± 0.2	0.6 ± 0.3	0.8 ± 0.5	0.65 ± 0.3
G-conjugated		18 ± 14a	16 ± 6a	43 ± 20b	22 ± 12a	0.02 ± 0.01	0.05 ± 0.04	0.02 ± 0.01	0.01 ± 0.005
T-conjugated		1833 ± 631	1,600 ± 716	2,490 ± 1794	1876 ± 477	0.7 ± 0.2	0.5 ± 0.3	0.8 ± 0.5	0.6 ± 0.3
PBAs		2,391 ± 1,178	2,286 ± 681	2,476 ± 1,418	3,778 ± 2,299	2 ± 1.3b	0.7 ± 0.4a	0.9 ± 0.5a,b	1.1 ± 0.8a,b
SBAs		678 ± 226	472 ± 123	970 ± 675	460 ± 151	1.35 ± 0.9	0.82 ± 0.3	1.33 ± 0.4	0.81 ± 0.43
Total BAs		3,060 ± 1,284	2,839 ± 881	7,149 ± 7,961	4,356 ± 2,473	3.3 ± 2.1b	1.7 ± 1.0a	2.4 ± 0.7a,b	1.9 ± 1.2a,b
CBD (μg/ml)		N.D	0.03 ± 0.02	N.D	0.01 ± 0.007	N.D	0.002 ± 0.001	N.D	0.002 ± 0.001

Targeted LC-MS, analysis of BAs in ileum content and serum from sham surgery (SS) and ovariectomized (OVX) mice treated with vehicle (VEH) or cannabidiol (CBD, 25 mg/kg body wt.). Each sample was injected in duplicate using negative and positive ionization. To prevent residual BAs, from eluting into the subsequent sample, a 20-min column wash and calibration was performed between each sample injection. Individual BA, concentrations were determined via external standard curves with internal standard calibration. Concentrations are reported as mean ± S.D., BAs not detected (N.D.) were assigned value of 0 for statistics. BAs, conjugated with either Taurine (T) or Glycine (G) were grouped as conjugated BAs, T-conjugated, or G-conjugated while unconjugated BAs, refer to BAs that do not contain T or G in their structure. Primary BAs (PBAs) refer to BAs, produced in host liver and secondary BAs (SBAs) refer to PBAs, that are microbially modified. Significant difference was assessed using 2-way ANOVA, followed by the Benjamini–Hochberg post-hoc test with false-discovery rate adjusted p values. For comparisons between groups where BA, levels were undetectable (N.D.) a Kruskal Wallis test followed by the Benjamini–Hochberg post-hoc test with false-discovery rate adjusted p values was applied. Different letters denote significant difference (q < 0.05) when comparing all groups. BA, concentrations without any letters or asterisks were not significantly different between groups.