Table 1.
Descriptive Statistics in Demographic Factors, Activity Variety and Activity Frequency, and Cognitive Functioning Between Nondropouts and Dropouts in the Longitudinal Analysis
| Cross-sectional sample (n = 3,337) | Longitudinal sample (n = 2,049) | Dropouts those who participated in W2 only (n = 1,288) | Attrition analysis | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M or % (SD) | Range | M or % (SD) | Range | M or % (SD) | Range | t Value | |
| Age | 56.08 (12.18) | 32–84 | 54.59 (10.81) | 33–83 | 58.46 (13.76) | 32–84 | −8.58*** |
| Gender (% of female) | 55 (—) | — | 56 (—) | — | 53 (—) | — | −2.06* |
| Race (% of White) | 93 (—) | — | 94 (—) | — | 90 (—) | — | 3.59** |
| Education | 7.33 (2.52) | 1–12 | 7.67 (2.48) | 1–12 | 6.80 (2.50) | 1–12 | 9.76*** |
| Working status (% of currently working) | 52 (—) | — | 58 (—) | — | 44 (—) | — | 7.97*** |
| Marital status (% of married) | 73 (—) | — | 74 (—) | — | 71 (—) | — | 2.00* |
| Number of chronic conditions | 2.44 (2.50) | 0–30 | 2.25 (2.32) | 0–30 | 2.74 (2.75) | 0–29 | −5.30*** |
| Instrumental activities of daily living | 1.77 (0.87) | 1–4 | 1.66 (0.79) | 1–4 | 1.94 (0.95) | 1–4 | −8.73*** |
| History of depression/anxiety (% of yes) | 18 (—) | — | 18 (—) | — | 19 (—) | — | −0.75 |
| Personality—extraversion | 3.10 (0.56) | 1–4 | 3.11 (0.56) | 1–4 | 3.09 (0.57) | 1–4 | 1.03 |
| Personality—openness | 2.91 (0.53) | 1–4 | 2.93 (0.52) | 1–4 | 2.88 (0.55) | 1–4 | 2.92** |
| Personality—neuroticism | 2.05 (0.62) | 1–4 | 2.03 (0.61) | 1–4 | 2.08 (0.64) | 1–4 | −2.52* |
| Personality—agreeableness | 3.45 (0.50) | 1–4 | 3.45 (0.49) | 1–4 | 3.46 (0.50) | 1–4 | −0.61 |
| Personality—conscientiousness | 3.40 (0.45) | 1–4 | 3.42 (0.44) | 1–4 | 3.37 (0.47) | 1–4 | 3.32** |
| Activity frequency across domains at W2 | −0.05 (0.64) | −1.77–8.96 | 0.00 (0.63) | −1.77–8.96 | −0.12 (0.66) | −1.72–4.92 | 5.39*** |
| Cognitive activity frequency at W2 | −0.08 (1.01) | −2.68–3.49 | −0.00 (1.00) | −2.68–3.49 | −0.21 (1.02) | −2.45–3.30 | 5.70*** |
| Physical activity frequency at W2 | −0.06 (1.02) | −2.35–1.34 | 0.00 (1.00) | −2.35–1.29 | −0.15 (1.03) | −2.18–1.34 | 4.40*** |
| Social activity frequency at W2 | −0.00 (1.00) | −0.54–27.23 | −0.00 (1.00) | −0.54–27.23 | −0.01 (0.99) | −0.54–12.42 | 0.14 |
| Activity variety across domains at W2 | −0.07 (0.72) | −2.59–1.05 | 0.00 (0.70) | −2.5–0.99 | −0.19 (0.74) | −2.59–1.05 | 7.48*** |
| Cognitive activity variety at W2 | −0.09 (1.01) | −2.87–1.54 | −0.00 (1.00) | −2.87–1.46 | −0.23 (1.02) | −2.61–1.54 | 6.26*** |
| Physical activity variety at W2 | −0.06 (1.05) | −3.43−0.56 | 0.01 (1.00) | −3.43−0.51 | −0.16 (1.11) | −3.04−0.56 | 4.40*** |
| Social activity variety at W2 | −0.07 (1.02) | −2.33–1.06 | 0.00 (1.00) | −2.33−0.99 | −0.19 (1.04) | −2.12–1.06 | 5.24*** |
| Overall cognitive functioning at W2 | −0.06 (0.64) | −2.67–2.07 | 0.00 (0.63) | −2.14–2.07 | −0.17 (0.65) | −2.67–1.92 | 7.83*** |
| Activity frequency across domains at W3 | — | — | 0.00 (0.62) | −1.78–4.86 | — | — | — |
| Cognitive activity frequency at W3 | — | — | −0.00 (1.00) | −2.67–3.30 | — | — | — |
| Physical activity frequency at W3 | — | — | 0.00 (1.00) | −2.21–1.26 | — | — | — |
| Social activity frequency at W3 | — | — | −0.00 (0.92) | −0.50–15.39 | — | — | — |
| Activity variety across domains at W3 | — | — | 0.00 (0.71) | −2.35–1.07 | — | — | — |
| Cognitive activity variety at W3 | — | — | 0.00 (1.00) | −2.74–1.53 | — | — | — |
| Physical activity variety at W3 | — | — | 0.01 (1.00) | −3.02−0.56 | — | — | — |
| Social activity variety at W3 | — | — | 0.01 (1.00) | −2.00–1.11 | — | — | — |
| Overall cognitive functioning at W3 | — | — | 0.01 (0.63) | −3.58–2.09 | — | — | — |
Notes: SD = standard deviation; Scores of activity frequency, activity variety, and overall cognitive functioning were standardized.
*p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .0001.