Table 3.
Cross-Sectional Associations of Activity Variety at Wave 2 With Overall Cognitive Functioning at Wave 2
| Model 1 | Model 2 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| B (SE) | 95% CI | B (SE) | 95% CI | |
| Intercept | 0.03 (0.03) | [−0.02, 0.09] | 0.05 (0.03) | [−0.01, 0.11] |
| Age | −0.02 (0.00)*** | [−0.02, −0.01] | −0.02 (0.00)*** | [−0.02, −0.02] |
| Men (vs women) | 0.07 (0.02)** | [0.03, 0.10] | 0.05 (0.02)** | [0.01, 0.09] |
| White (vs non-White) | −0.25 (0.03)*** | [−0.31, −0.18] | −0.24 (0.03)*** | [−0.31, −0.18] |
| Education | 0.06 (0.00)*** | [0.05, 0.07] | 0.05 (0.00)*** | [0.05, 0.06] |
| Currently working (vs not working) | −0.03 (0.02) | [−0.07, 0.01] | −0.03 (0.02) | [−0.07, 0.01] |
| Married (vs not married/partnered) | −0.02 (0.02) | [−0.05, 0.03] | −0.02 (0.02) | [−0.06, 0.02] |
| Number of chronic conditions | −0.01 (0.00)* | [−0.02, −0.00] | −0.01 (0.00)* | [−0.02, −0.00] |
| Instrumental activities of daily living | −0.03 (0.01)** | [−0.06, −0.01] | 0.03 (0.01)** | [−0.06, −0.01] |
| History of depression/anxiety (vs no) | −0.00 (0.03) | [−0.05, 0.05] | −0.01 (0.03) | [−0.06, 0.04] |
| Personality—extraversion | −0.04 (0.02)* | [−0.08, −0.00] | −0.04 (0.02) | [−0.07, 0.00] |
| Personality—openness | 0.03 (0.02) | [−0.01, 0.07] | 0.01 (0.02) | [−0.03, 0.05] |
| Personality—neuroticism | −0.02 (0.02) | [−0.06, 0.01] | −0.02 (0.02) | [−0.05, 0.01] |
| Personality—agreeableness | −0.00 (0.02) | [−0.04, 0.04] | 0.01 (0.02) | [−0.03, 0.05] |
| Personality—conscientiousness | 0.04 (0.02) | [−0.00, 0.08] | 0.04 (0.02) | [−0.00, 0.08] |
| Activity frequency across domains at W2 | 0.09 (0.02)*** | [0.06, 0.13] | — | — |
| Activity variety across domains at W2 | 0.14 (0.02)*** | [0.11, 0.17] | — | — |
| Cognitive activity frequency at W2 | — | — | 0.11 (0.02)*** | [0.08, 0.14] |
| Physical activity frequency at W2 | — | — | 0.03 (0.01)* | [0.00, 0.06] |
| Social activity frequency at W2 | — | — | −0.01 (0.01) | [−0.03, 0.01] |
| Cognitive activity variety at W2 | — | — | 0.02 (0.02) | [−0.01, 0.05] |
| Physical activity variety at W2 | — | — | 0.03 (0.01)** | [0.01, 0.06] |
| Social activity variety at W2 | — | — | 0.03 (0.01)** | [0.01, 0.05] |
Notes: N = 3,337. Scores of activity frequency, activity variety, and overall cognitive functioning were standardized. The main variables of interest in each model are highlighted. CI = confidence interval; SE = standard error.
aWhen examining the fully adjusted model with just activity variety (without activity frequency), higher activity variety in cognitive (B = 0.11, SE = 0.01, p < .001), physical (B = 0.06, SE = 0.01, p < .001), and social (B = 0.03, SE = 0.01, p < .01) domains were all related to better cognitive functioning. When examining the model with just activity frequency (without activity variety), higher activity frequency in cognitive (B = 0.13, SE = 0.01, p < .001) and physical (B = 0.06, SE = 0.01, p < .001) but not in social (B = −0.01, SE = 0.01, p = .34) domains were associated with better cognitive functioning.
*p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .0001.