Table 6.
Results of evidence quality. ①The included studies have a large bias in methodology such as randomization, allocation concealment, and blinding. ②The confidence interval overlaps less, or the I2 value of the combined results was larger. ③The sample size from the included studies does not meet the optimal sample size, or the 95% confidence interval crosses the invalid line. ④The funnel chart is asymmetry. ∗The 95% confidence interval does not cross the invalid line.
| Author, year (Country) | Outcomes | Studies (participants) | Limitations | Inconsistency | Indirectness | Imprecision | Publication bias | Relative effect (95% CI) | Quality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mengyao Chao, 2018 (China) [28] | FBG (tai chi versus nonexercise) | 10 (489) | -1① | -1② | 0 | 0 | -1④ | MD = −1.39 (-1.95, -0.84)∗ | Very low |
| FBG (tai chi versus other aerobic exercises) | 7 (342) | -1① | -1② | 0 | -1③ | -1④ | MD = −0.21 (-0.61, 0.19) | Very low | |
| HbA1c (tai chi versus nonexercise) | 7 (293) | -1① | 0 | 0 | -1③ | -1④ | MD = −0.73 (-0.95, -0.52)∗ | Very low | |
| HbA1c (tai chi versus other aerobic exercises) | 7 (372) | -1① | -1② | 0 | -1③ | -1④ | MD = −0.19 (-0.37, 0.00)∗ | Very low | |
| PBG (tai chi versus nonexercise) | 5 (162) | -1① | 0 | 0 | -1③ | -1④ | MD = −2.07 (-2.89, -1.26)∗ | Very low | |
| PBG (tai chi versus other aerobic exercises) | 3 (84) | -1① | 0 | 0 | -1③ | -1④ | MD = −0.44 (-1.42, 0.54) | Very low | |
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| Myeong Soo Lee, 2015 (South Korea) [29] | HbA1c (tai chi versus ST) | 3 (127) | -1① | 0 | 0 | -1③ | -1④ | MD = −0.54 (−1.23, 0.15) | Very low |
| HbA1c (tai chi versus other aerobic exercises) | 2 (148) | -1① | 0 | 0 | -1③ | -1④ | MD = 0.00 (−0.31, 0.31) | Very low | |
| HbA1c (no) | 2 (84) | -1① | -1② | 0 | -1③ | -1④ | MD = −1.58 (−3.83, 0.67) | Very low | |
| FBG (tai chi versus ST) | 4 (188) | -1① | 0 | 0 | -1③ | -1④ | MD = −1.57 (−2.34, −0.80)∗ | Very low | |
| FBG (tai chi versus other aerobic exercises) | 4 (212) | -1① | 0 | 0 | -1③ | -1④ | MD = −0.03 (−0.49, 0.42) | Very low | |
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| Shuai Guo, 2021 (China) [30] | FBG (tai chi versus ST) | 15 (1,023) | -1① | -1② | 0 | 0 | -1④ | MD = −1.04 (-1.42, -0.66)∗ | Very low |
| FBG (tai chi versus other aerobic exercises) | 8 (619) | -1① | -1② | 0 | -1③ | -1④ | MD = −0.03 (-0.30, 0.23) | Very low | |
| HbA1c (tai chi versus ST) | 9 (749) | -1① | -1② | 0 | 0 | -1④ | MD = −0.73 (-1.03, -0.43)∗ | Very low | |
| HbA1c (tai chi versus other aerobic exercises) | 5 (504) | -1① | 0 | 0 | 0 | -1④ | MD = −0.33 (-0.61, 0.04)∗ | Low | |
| PBG (tai chi versus ST) | 2 (260) | -1① | 0 | 0 | -1③ | -1④ | MD = −1.58 (-1.94,-1.22)∗ | Very low | |
| TCL (tai chi versus ST) | 11 (868) | -1① | -1② | 0 | 0 | -1④ | MD = −0.51 (-0.88, -0.14)∗ | Very low | |
| TCL (tai chi versus other aerobic exercises) | 5 (423) | -1① | 0 | 0 | -1③ | -1④ | MD = −0.08 (-0.24, 0.09) | Very low | |
| TG (tai chi versus ST) | 9 (745) | -1① | -1② | 0 | 0 | -1④ | MD = −0.40 (-0.72, -0.07)∗ | Very low | |
| TG (tai chi versus other aerobic exercises) | 4 (332) | -1① | -1② | 0 | -1③ | -1④ | MD = 0.04 (−0.22, 0.31) | Very low | |
| HDL (tai chi versus ST) | 9 (798) | -1① | -1② | 0 | 0 | -1④ | MD = 0.39 (0.14, 0.63)∗ | Very low | |
| HDL (tai chi versus other aerobic exercises) | 5 (538) | -1① | 0 | 0 | 0 | -1④ | MD = 0.24 (0.07, 0.41)∗ | Low | |
| LDL (tai chi versus ST/other aerobic exercises) | 9 (730) | -1① | -1② | 0 | 0 | -1④ | MD = −0.79 (-1.27, -0.30)∗ | Very low | |
| BMI (tai chi versus ST) | 5 (358) | -1① | 0 | 0 | 0 | -1④ | MD = −1.15 (-1.79, -0.51)∗ | Low | |
| SBP (tai chi versus ST) | 5 (390) | -1① | 0 | 0 | -1③ | -1④ | MD = −11.86 (-14.47, -9.25)∗ | Very low | |
| DBP (tai chi versus ST) | 5 (390) | -1① | -1② | 0 | -1③ | -1④ | MD = −7.93 (-12.39, -3.46)∗ | Very low | |
| FINs (tai chi versus ST) | 3 (255) | -1① | 0 | 0 | -1③ | -1④ | MD = −1.02 (-1.39, -0.64)∗ | Very low | |
| HOMA-IR (tai chi versus ST) | 3 (255) | -1① | -1② | 0 | -1③ | -1④ | MD = −0.65 (-1.01, -0.30)∗ | Very low | |
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| Ting-Wei Xia, 2019 (China) [31] | FBG | 13 (616) | -1① | -1② | 0 | 0 | -1④ | SMD = −0.54 (-0.91, -0.16)∗ | Very low |
| HbA1c | 9 (517) | -1① | -1② | 0 | 0 | -1④ | SMD = −0.68 (-1.17, -0.19)∗ | Very low | |
| TCL | 8 (343) | -1① | 0 | 0 | -1③ | -1④ | SMD = −0.35 (-0.54, -0.16)∗ | Very low | |
| TG | 8 (359) | -1① | 0 | 0 | -1③ | -1④ | SMD = −0.19 (-0.31, -0.07)∗ | Very low | |
| HDL | 6 (290) | -1① | 0 | 0 | -1③ | -1④ | SMD = 0.04 (− 0.01, 0.09) | Very low | |
| LDL | 6 (290) | -1① | -1② | 0 | -1③ | -1④ | SMD = −0.49 (− 1.06, 0.08) | Very low | |
| BMI | 6 (296) | -1① | 0 | 0 | -1③ | -1④ | SMD = −0.61 (− 0.85, − 0.38)∗ | Very low | |
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| Zonglei Zhou, 2019 (China) [32] | FBG | 21 (1,115) | -1① | -1② | 0 | 0 | 0 | SMD = −0.67 (-0.87, -0.47)∗ | Low |
| HbA1c | 12 (714) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | MD = −0.53 (-0.62, -0.44)∗ | High | |
| FINs | 8 (500) | -1① | -1② | 0 | -1③ | 0 | SMD = −0.32 (-0.71, 0.07) | Very low | |
| HOMA-IR | 5 (332) | 0 | 0 | 0 | -1③ | 0 | MD = −0.41 (-0.78, -0.04)∗ | Moderate | |
| TCL | 10 (658) | -1① | -1② | 0 | 0 | 0 | SMD = −0.59 (-0.90, -0.27)∗ | Low | |
| BMI | 7 (388) | 0 | 0 | 0 | -1③ | 0 | MD = −0.82 (-1.28, -0.37)∗ | Moderate | |
| Balance | 2 (107) | 0 | -1② | 0 | -1③ | 0 | MD = 2.71 (-3.29, 8.71) | Low | |
| SBP | 5 (290) | 0 | -1② | 0 | -1③ | 0 | MD = −10.03 (-15.78, -4.29)∗ | Low | |
| DBP | 5 (290) | 0 | 0 | 0 | -1③ | 0 | MD = −4.85 (-8.23, -1.47)∗ | Moderate | |
| Physical function | 5 (389) | -1① | -1② | 0 | -1③ | 0 | MD = 7.07 (0.79, 13.35)∗ | Very low | |
| Bodily pain | 5 (389) | -1① | 0 | 0 | -1③ | 0 | MD = 4.30 (0.83, 7.77)∗ | Low | |
| Social function | 6 (426) | 0 | -1② | 0 | 0 | 0 | MD = 13.84 (6.22, 21.47)∗ | Moderate | |
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| Yao Ge, 2020 (China) [33] | FBG | 9 (560) | -1① | -1② | 0 | 0 | -1④ | SMD = −0.607 (-0.930, -0.284)∗ | Very low |
| HbA1c | 7 (434) | -1① | -1② | 0 | 0 | -1④ | SMD = −0.585 (-0.784, -0.386)∗ | Very low | |
| TCL | 7 (533) | -1① | -1② | 0 | -1③ | -1④ | SMD = −0.418 (-0.897, 0. 061) | Very low | |
| TG | 6 (480) | -1① | -1② | 0 | 0 | -1④ | SMD = −0.833 (-1.383, -0.283)∗ | Very low | |
| HDL | 4 (420) | -1① | -1② | 0 | 0 | -1④ | SMD = 0.458 (0. 063, 0.852)∗ | Very low | |
| LDL | 3 (76) | -1① | -1② | 0 | -1③ | -1④ | SMD = −1.252 (-2.305, -0.199) | Very low | |
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| Yongjin Liu, 2017 (China) [34] | FBG | 9 (727) | -1① | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | SMD = −0.39 (-0.54, -0.24)∗ | Moderate |
| HbA1c | 7 (645) | -1① | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | MD = −0.59 (-0.73, -0.44)∗ | Moderate | |
| TCL | 7 (612) | -1① | -1② | 0 | -1③ | 0 | SMD = −0.24 (-0.58, 0.10) | Very low | |
| TG | 7 (612) | -1① | -1② | 0 | 0 | 0 | SMD = −0.52 (-0.85, -0.19)∗ | Low | |
| HDL | 6 (566) | -1① | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | SMD = 0.31 (0.14, 0.47)∗ | Moderate | |
| LDL | 6 (462) | -1① | -1② | 0 | 0 | 0 | MD = −0.32 (-0.59, -0.05)∗ | Low | |
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| Qing Tang, 2017 (China) [35] | FBG | 7 (354) | -1① | -1② | 0 | -1③ | -1④ | MD = −0.74 (-1.32, -0.16)∗ | Very low |
| HbA1c | 7 (572) | -1① | -1② | 0 | 0 | -1④ | MD = −0.77 (-1.16, -0.39)∗ | Very low | |
| BMI | 4 (316) | -1① | 0 | 0 | -1③ | -1④ | MD = −1.64, (-2.35, -0.92)∗ | Very low | |
| TG | 6 (518) | -1① | -1② | 0 | 0 | -1④ | MD = −0.33 (-0.49, -0.17)∗ | Very low | |
| TCL | 6 (518) | -1① | -1② | 0 | 0 | -1④ | MD = −0.08 (-0.33, -0.48)∗ | Very low | |
| Quality of Life | 2 (264) | -1① | 0 | 0 | -1③ | -1④ | MD = 45.47 (18.24, 72.71)∗ | Very low | |