Table 1.

Major effects of TNF on liver pathology

Liver disease	Major TNF effect
APAP-induced liver damage	Tissue repair [45]
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD)	None [52]
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)	Increased serum levels and hepatic expression of TNF and TNFR1, correlating with disease activity in NASH patients [64–66], TNFR1-dependent attenuation of insulin resistance and liver injury in a mouse model [68], Normalisation of liver biochemistry in a NASH patient treated with adalimumab for co-existing RA [69]
Viral hepatitis
HBV	Induction of cell death in HBV-infected hepatocytes, NFκB-dependent blockade of HBV replication [75, 83, 85]
HCV	Induction of apoptosis in HCV-infected Huh-7.5 cells [77]
Autoimmune liver disease
AIH	TNF polymorphism associated with type 1 AIH susceptibility [93], Successful treatment of AIH with infliximab [6]
PBC	Pathway analysis provided evidence for enhanced TNF signalling in PBC pathogenesis [87], Stabilisation of liver function in PBC patients treated with TNF antagonists for co-existing RA [90, 91]
PSC	High expression levels of TNF in innate-like CD4+ T cells from PSC patients [113], Moderate effectiveness of anti-TNF therapies in PSC/IBD patients [114, 115]

AIH, autoimmune hepatitis; APAP, acetaminophen; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; PBC, primary biliary cholangitis; PSC, primary sclerosing cholangitis; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; TNF, tumour necrosis factor; TNFR, TNF receptor