Figure 4.

Evidence maps of adverse events based on eleven treatments. The risk ranking was generated based on the surface under the cumulative ranking curves values, with a smaller value of ranking indicating a higher risk of adverse events. For instance, as for overall adverse events, chemotherapy ranked sixth in causing grade 1-5 adverse events among the 11 treatments. AE: adverse event; irAE: immune–related adverse event; G: grade; CT: chemotherapy; PD–1: programmed death–1 receptor inhibitor; PD–L1: programmed death ligand–1 inhibitor; CTLA–4: cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen inhibitor.