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. 2022 Jun 14;54(6):711–719. doi: 10.1038/s12276-022-00785-1

Fig. 4. Flow-independent sprouting angiogenesis originates from venous endothelial cells.

Fig. 4

Among the three different endothelial subtypes, arterial, capillary and venous, only venous endothelial cells respond to angiogenic factors released from the hypoxic area. Initial sprouts from preexisting veins do not have a lumen for blood circulation, and the process of lumenization follows vascular stalk formation.