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. 2022 Jul 5;13:3879. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-31467-1

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Engineering stably coexisting consortia by microbial swarmbot mediated spatial segregation strategy. Each microbial swarmbot (MSB) consists of a small population of engineered microbes encapsulated in polymeric microcapsules. The MSBs containing different subpopulations are then co-cultured to form the microbial swarmbot consortia (MSBC). Polymeric capsules insulate populations in different MSB. Therefore, members of the consortium, even with a mismatched growth rate, can grow in balance due to a relevantly independent growth space and defined carrying capacity of the microcapsules. b MSBC strategy enables diverse applications. MSBC method can construct versatile consortia for diverse applications. For example, MSBC (single species) can collectively manufacture multienzyme system. Members of the MSBC (across the species) can communicate or collaborate (division of labor). Phototrophic MSBC can transform the carbon dioxide into the carbon source by phototrophic members to maintain the growth of the heterotrophic members.