Table 1.
Characteristics of Enrolled Residents at Baseline
| Baseline characteristics | Total, n=976 | Treatment, n=483 | Control, n=493 | p-values |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Age, mean (SD) | 80.3 (12.3) | 79.8 (12.2) | 80.8 (12.3) | 0.19 |
| Females, n (%) | 676 (69.3) | 327 (67.7) | 349 (70.8) | 0.30 |
| Race, n (%) | ||||
| White | 708 (72.8) | 345 (71.7) | 363 (73.9) | 0.54 |
| Black | 244 (25.1) | 124 (25.8) | 120 (24.4) | |
| Others | 20 (2.1) | 12 (2.5) | 8 (1.6) | |
| Missing values, n | 4 | 2 | 2 | |
| Function | ||||
| Activities of Daily Living, n (%) | ||||
| Severely impaired (≥21) | 281 (28.8) | 162 (33.5) | 119 (24.2) | <0.01 |
| Mild-moderately impaired (<21) | 694 (71.2) | 321 (66.5) | 373 (75.8) | |
| Missing values, n | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
| Cognitive function, n (%) | ||||
| Cognitively intact | 113 (11.6) | 52 (10.8) | 61 (12.4) | 0.82 |
| Mildly impaired | 206 (21.1) | 102 (21.1) | 104 (21.1) | |
| Moderately impaired | 509 (52.1) | 252 (52.2) | 257 (52.1) | |
| Severely impaired | 148 (15.2) | 77 (15.9) | 71 (14.4) | |
| CHESS Score, n (%) | ||||
| No health instability, 0 | 494 (52.6) | 240 (51.6) | 254 (53.6) | 0.26 |
| Minimal/low instability, 1–2 | 424 (45.2) | 211 (45.4) | 213 (44.9) | |
| Moderate/high instability, 3+ | 21 (2.2) | 14 (3.0) | 7 (1.5) | |
| Missing values, n | 37 | 18 | 19 | |
| Presence of comorbidities, n (%) | ||||
| Dementia | 780 (79.9) | 394 (81.6) | 386 (78.3) | 0.20 |
| Heart failure | 165 (16.9) | 74 (15.3) | 91 (18.5) | 0.19 |
| Hypertension | 781 (80.0) | 383 (79.3) | 398 (80.7) | 0.58 |
| Anxiety disorder | 394 (40.4) | 203 (42.0) | 191 (38.7) | 0.29 |
| Depression | 559 (57.3) | 264 (54.7) | 295 (59.8) | 0.10 |
| Bipolar disease | 61 (6.3) | 27 (5.6) | 34 (6.9) | 0.40 |
| Psychotic disorder | 123 (12.6) | 62 (12.8) | 61 (12.4) | 0.83 |
| Asthma / COPD | 134 (13.7) | 57 (11.8) | 77 (15.6) | 0.08 |
| Medication use, n (%) | ||||
| Any antipsychotics in past week | 289 (29.6) | 122 (25.3) | 167 (33.9) | <0.01 |
| Any antianxietals in past week | 207 (21.2) | 99 (20.5) | 108 (21.9) | 0.59 |
| Any antidepressants in past week | 573 (58.7) | 272 (56.3) | 301 (61.1) | 0.13 |
| Any hypnotics in past week | 10 (1.0) | - | - |
Abbreviations: CHESS, Changes in Health, End-Stage Disease and Symptoms and Signs Scale; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; SD, standard deviation