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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Jan 5.
Published in final edited form as: Cancer Res. 2022 Jul 5;82(13):2329–2343. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-21-4370

Figure 3. The hybrid E/M state prevents immune recognition and anti-tumor cytotoxicity of cancer cells by CTLs.

Figure 3.

The hybrid E/M state prevents CTL recognition due to downregulation of the antigen presentation pathway. The tumor killing mechanisms of CTLs, including granzymes, FAS/FASL, and TRAIL/TRAILR, are blocked by hybrid E/M-associated signaling pathways including increased PD-L1 expression, autophagy induction, and inhibition of caspase-dependent cell death.