| Genetically engineered mouse model (GEMMs) |
Genetic modification to promote spontaneous tumor development in mice |
Tumor growth in native tissue with stroma, vascular and immune components Natural formation of tumor microenvironment Potential to model all aspects of the metastatic cascade (initial tumor growth to distant metastasis) Spontaneous metastasis likely
|
Tumors driven by single mutations may overestimate the effect of agents targeting that mutation Maintenance of colony is labor intensive and genetic drift a concern Spontaneous tumors are less predictable and may complicate monitoring in early stages Internal tumors are even more challenging to monitor
|
(Gopinathan, Morton, Jodrell, & Sansom, 2015),(Kersten, de Visser, van Miltenburg, & Jonkers, 2017) |
| Cell-derived Xenograft (CDX) |
Established immortalized human cancer cell lines transplanted into immunocompromised mice |
Very well-characterized cell lines originating from various human tumor types Consistent and reproducible initial tumor burden Well-studied for primary tumors
|
Immunocompromised host Limited application for metastasis due to the lack of an immune component Mouse stroma but human cancer cells Homogeneous tumors with limited heterogeneity that would be observed in clinical tumors
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(Chavez, Garimella, & Lipkowitz, 2010) |
| Patient Derived Xenograft (PDX) |
Human cancer cells harvested from patients and transplanted into immunocompromised mice |
Highly diverse and heterogeneous tumors Vascular and stromal components (from patient tumor) can be included in the xenograft Primarily cell line that may directly reflect patient tumor response to a certain therapy Well-studied for primary tumors
|
Immunocompromised host Limited application for metastasis due to the lack of an immune component Mouse stroma but human cancer cells Clinical tumors are not broadly accessible to all researchers
|
(Murayama & Gotoh, 2019) (Whittle, Lewis, Lindeman, & Visvader, 2015) |
| Syngeneic |
Established immortalized mouse cancer cell lines transplanted into immunocompetent mice |
Spontaneous metastasis likely Tumor growth in the presence of an intact immune system Consistent and reproducible initial tumor burden Can be transplanted in native tissue for original stromal, vascular and immune components
|
Limited number of established cell lines that can be used for syngeneic models Rapid growth rate can lead to metastasis but may limit longer studies Potential for immunogenicity and spontaneous remission
|
(Park, Lee, & Lee, 2018), (Pulaski & Ostrand-Rosenberg, 2001) |
