Figure 3:

Summary of additive genetic (A), dominance genetic (D), shared environmental (C) and nonshared environmental (E) influences on Common EF based on age of assessment across existing studies. All studies assessed Common EF using latent factors (or a composite of 5 to 9 tasks in the case of the Fujisawa et al., 2017 & 2019 studies). The current study (outlined with a grey box) is also the only study to estimate D influences. Therefore, C estimates could be suppressed in other studies. Individual EF tasks differed across samples; thus, it is also possible that modeling and measurement differences contribute to the variability in ADCE estimates. However, there is some fluctuation in ACE across samples that are overlapping in subjects and measures. Subjects from Fujisawa, Todo, and Ando (2017) and Fujisawa, Todo, and Ando (2019) may be overlapping (Tokyo Twin Cohort Project). Subjects are also overlapping within Friedman et al. (2016) (Colorado Longitudinal Twin Study) and within Gustavson et al. (2018a) (Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging). Data from the current project is partially overlapping with Friedman et al. (2016) (LTS, but not CAP subjects).