Fig. 1.

Schematic diagram of the findings of this study. Large amounts of macrophages can be isolated from peritoneal dialysates of patients and mice. M2-EVs from peritoneal M2 macrophages carry many functional cargos and thus efficiently attenuate endotoxin-induced cytokine storms and organ damage by inhibiting multiple essential proinflammatory pathways. Moreover, human M2-EVs can also serve as nanodecoys to block viral entrance and replication in cells due to the expression of ACE2 (a receptor of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein).