Table 1.
Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics (Unmatched and PSM).
| Unmatched |
Matched |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Doula n = 330 |
No Doula n = 339,680 |
Standardized bias | Doula n = 298 |
No Doula n = 298 |
Standardized bias | |
| Characteristics | ||||||
| Age (mean SD) | 28·2 (5·44) | 27·7 (6·31) | 0·086 | 28·4 (5·4) | 28·4 (5·4) | 0.000 |
| State | ||||||
| California | 18 (5·5%) | 177,758 (52·3%) | 0·086 | 17 (5·7%) | 17 (5·7%) | 0.000 |
| Florida | 265 (80·3%) | 69,405 (20·4%) | 0·086 | 238 (79·8%) | 236 (79·1%) | 0.000 |
| Northeastern state | 47 (14·2%) | 92,517 (27·2%) | 0·086 | 43 (14·4%) | 45 (15·1%) | 0.000 |
| Patient's race | ||||||
| % Asian/Pacific Islander | 13 (3·9%) | 33,785 (9·9%) | 0·086 | 13 (4·4%) | 13 (4·4%) | 0.000 |
| % Black | 118 (35·8%) | 58,723 (17·3%) | 0·086 | 102 (34·2%) | 102 (34·2%) | 0.000 |
| % Hispanic/Latino | 56 (17·0%) | 93,946 (27·7%) | 0·086 | 49 (16·4%) | 49 (16·4%) | 0.000 |
| % White | 119 (36·1%) | 76,176 (22·4%) | 0·086 | 112 (37·5%) | 109 (36·5%) | 0.000 |
| % Other | 24 (1·2%) | 77,500 (16·3%) | 0·086 | 22 (7·4%) | 25 (8·4%) | 0.000 |
| Socio-economic status (SES) index | ||||||
| Q1 (worst) | 132 (42·7%) | 142,329 (45·4%) | 0·086 | 120 (40·2%) | 120 (40·2%) | 0.000 |
| Q2 | 76 (23·0%) | 76,858 (22·6%) | 0·086 | 73 (24·5%) | 71 (23·8%) | 0.000 |
| Q3 | 77 (23·3%) | 59,758 (17·6%) | 0·086 | 67 (22·5%) | 67 (22·5%) | 0.000 |
| Q4 (best) | 24 (7·3%) | 34,753 (10·2%) | 0·086 | 21 (7·0% | 21 (7·0%) | 0.000 |
| Missing/unknown | 21 (6·4%) | 25,982 (7·6%) | 0·086 | 17 (5·7%) | 19 (6·4%) | 0.000 |
| Comorbid conditions n(%) | ||||||
| Obesity | 37 (11·2%) | 33,721 (9·9%) | 0·071 | 34 (11·4%) | 34 (11·4%) | 0.000 |
| Hypertension | 7 (2·4%) | 9877 (4·1%) | 0·024 | 7 (2·3%) | 14 (4·7%) | 0·022 |
| Substance use disorder | 5 (1·5%) | 6649 (2·0%) | 0·132 | 9 (3·0%) | 4 (1·3%) | 0·132 |
| Smoking | 4 (1·2%) | 6738 (2·0%) | 0·073 | 11 (3·7%) | 4 (1·3%) | 0·073 |
| Maternal comorbidity index score (mean SD) | 0·6 (1·27) | 0·4 (1·04) | 0·086 | 0·6 (1·3) | 0·7 (1·4) | 0.000 |
| 0 | 227 (68·8%) | 249,429 (73·4%) | 0·073 | 201 (67·5%) | 204 (68·5%) | 0·073 |
| 1–2 | 79 (23·9%) | 76,807 (22·6%) | 0·073 | 72 (24·2%) | 71 (23·8%) | 0·073 |
| 3+ | 24 (7·3%) | 13,444 (4·0%) | 0·073 | 25 (8·4%) | 23 (7·7%) | 0·073 |
| Complications during pregnancy | ||||||
| Gestational diabetes | 16 (4·8%) | 18,367 (5·4%) | 0·062 | 13 (4·4%) | 18 (6·0%) | 0·062 |
| Gestational hypertension | 15 (4·5%) | 12,704 (3·7%) | 0·043 | 15 (5·0%) | 15 (5·0%) | 0.000 |
| Pre-eclampsia | 26 (9·0%) | 14,273 (6·0%) | 0·0323 | 26 (8·7%) | 16 (5·4%) | 0·032 |
| Placental abruption | 3 (0·9%) | 2302 (0·7%) | 0·023 | 3 (1·0%) | 3 (1·0%) | 0.000 |
| Anxiety | 7 (2·1%) | 11,328 (3·3%) | 0·014 | 6 (2·0%) | 15 (5·0%) | 0·014 |
| Depression | 8 (2·4%) | 7574 (2·2%) | 0·129 | 7 (2·3%) | 11 (3·7%) | 0·129 |
| Anemia | 18 (5·5%) | 8449 (2·5%) | 0·143 | 16 (5·4%) | 12 (4·0% | 0·143 |
| Any pregnancy complication | 76 (23·0%) | 63,646 (18·7%) | 0·143 | 69 (23·2%) | 74 (24·8%) | 0·143 |
| Health service utilization | ||||||
| Prenatal visit | 327 (99·1%) | 318,560 (82·3%) | 0·185 | 291 (97·65%) | 243 (81·54%) | 0·149 |
| Postnatal visit | 203 (61·5%) | 121,897 (35·9%) | 0·169 | 184 (61·74%) | 152 (51·01%) | 0·169 |
All characteristics are presented as n(%), except for age and maternal comorbidity index, which are presented as mean (standard deviation)· Conditions are defined using ICD-9, ICD-10, and HCPCS codes, which are included in the Appendix·