Table 2.

Odds ratios of health outcomes between women who received doula care compared with women who did not receive doula care.

	Unmatched		Matched
	Doula (n = 330)	No Doula (n = 339,680)	Doula (n = 298)	No Doula (n = 298)	Unadjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval)	Adjusted odds ratio* (95% confidence interval)	PSM odds ratio (95% confidence interval)
Health Outcome
Labor induction	37 (9·30%)	21900 (6·50%)	33 (11·07%)	30 (10·07%)	1·17 (0·80–1·72)	1·38 (0.90–2·1)	1·12 (0·66–1·90)
C-section	36 (15·30%)	51209 (27·66%)	31 (10·40%)	53 (17·79%)	0·41 (0·27–0·63)	0·40 (0·20–0·65)	0·47 (0·24–0·65)
Pre term birth	19 (5·76%)	26586 (7·83%)	16 (5·37%)	26 (8·72%)	0·52 (0·30–0·89)	0·49 (0·16–1·16)	0·59 (0·31–1·14)
ER visit or Inpatient admission due to delivery complication (30 days)	11 (3·33%)	15522 (4·57%)	11 (3·69%)	15 (5·03%)	0·82 (0·46–1·46)	0·47 (0·15–1·46)	0·73 (0·33–1·61)
Severe maternal morbidity or mortality within 60 days of pregnancy outcome	7 (2·10%)	9123 (2·70%)	6 (2·01%)	7 (2·35%)	0·70 (0·31–1·16)	0·45 (0·11–1·83)	0·87 (0·29–2·66)
Inpatient admission within 60 days of pregnancy outcome	24 (7·27%)	29120 (8·6%)	22 (7·38%)	27 (9·06%)	0·72 (0·45–1·16)	0·67 (0·33-1·36)	0·81 (0·47–1·45)
Post partum anxiety or post partum depression	25 (7·57%)	42831 (13·45%)	18 (6·04%)	42 (14·09%)	0·63 (0·36–1·07)	0·93 (0·48–1·79)	0·43 (0·22–0·82)

PSM models were matched on maternal age, race, state of residence, socioeconomic status quartile, and delivery hospital type (teaching or non-teaching). PSM models were additionally adjusted for maternal comorbidity index (MCI). Logistic regressions were adjusted for race, SES index score, hospital type (teaching hospital or not teaching hospital), MCI, obesity, and prenatal anxiety. Conditions are defined using ICD-9, ICD-10, and HCPCS codes and are included in Supplemental Table 2.