Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies.
| Study | Country | Setting | Sample size | Male (%) | Age (years) | Inclusion criteria | Exclusion criteria | Measure of depression | Baseline depression | Intervention period |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chan (2009)29 | Hong Kong | Day-care centers or homes | 50 | 44.7 | 75-79 years: 23% | Aged ≥60 years | NR | GDS | Int: 13.1 (5.2); Ctrl: 13.4 (4.4) | 4 |
| Chan (2010)30 | Hong Kong | Homes | 42 | 45.2 | 80+ years: 35.7% | Aged ≥60 years | Deaf; altered mental status; cognitive impairment; or had a recent death in the family | GDS-SF | Int: 4.1 (4.0); Ctrl: 1.8 (1.7) | 4 |
| Chu (2014)31 | Taiwan | Nursing homes | 100 | 47.0 | 82.0 (6.8) | Aged ≥60 years; diagnosis of dementia | Receptive language problem; inability to participate in an intervention for at least 30 min | C-CSDD | Int: 17.4 (9.6); Ctrl: 15.7 (10.2) | 6 |
| Coulton (2015)32 | UK | Community singing club | 258 | 16.1 | 69.2 (7.1) | Aged ≥60 years | Unable to provide informed consent | HADS | Int: 4.6 (3.5); Ctrl: 4.2 (3.5) | 14 |
| Gok Ugur (2017)33 | Turkey | Nursing homes | 64 | NR | 76.4 (NR) | People who had lived in a nursing home | Any visual or hearing loss | GDS-SF | Int: 8.1 (2.4); Ctrl: 8.5 (3.1) | 8 |
| Guetin (2009)34 | France | Homes | 30 | 26.7 | 86.1 (NR) | Aged 70-95 years; mild to moderate AD; MMSE score 12-25; HAS score ≥12 | Suffering from a life-threatening illness; neurological disorders, stroke PD, epilepsy, dementia; and psychiatric disorder | GDS | Int: 16.7 (6.2); Ctrl: 11.8 (7.4) | 16 |
| Hanser (1994)35 | US | Homes | 30 | 23.0 | 67.9 (NR) | Older adults; diagnosis of major or minor depression | NR | GDS | Int: 17.4 (6.7); Ctrl: 15.3 (5.8) | 8 |
| Liu (2021)36 | Taiwan | Veteran's homes | 50 | 100.0 | 86.6 (4.5) | Aged ≥75 years; mild to moderate AD; mild anxiety; receiving stable psychotropic or anxiolytic treatment for 3 months | NR | GDS-SF | Int: 4.7 (0.5); Ctrl: 4.7 (0.5) | 12 |
| Mahendran (2018)37 | Singapore | Community research center | 46 | 17.4 | 71.1 (NR) | Aged ≥75 years; mild cognitive impairment | Dementia/major neurocognitive disorder; major psychiatric disorder; terminal illness; visual and/or hearing impairment | GDS-SF | Int: 1.8 (2.2); Ctrl: 2.8 (2.9) | 36 |
| Mathew (2017)38 | India | Nursing homes | 80 | 50.0 | NR (all 65+) | Aged ≥65 years; GDS-SF score 5-8 | On anti-depressive medication, or other medications affecting sleep or mood disorders; hearing problems | GDS-SF | Int: 7.8 (1.1); Ctrl: 8.1 (0.9) | 3 |
| Murabayashi (2019)39 | Japan | Therapy rooms | 94 | 6.4 | 81.3 (5.5) | Aged 65-89 years; having one or more care needs regarding social withdrawal, dementia, or depression | NR | GDS-SF | NR | 12 |
| Perez-Ros (2019)40 | Spain | Nursing homes | 119 | 48.7 | 80.5 (7.4) | Aged ≥65 years; diagnosis of dementia | Terminally ill patients | CSDD | Int: 5.0 (4.5); Ctrl: 8.0 (5.9) | 8 |
| Raglio (2015)41 | Italy | Nursing homes and day care centers | 120 | 21.7 | 81.7 (NR) | Aged ≥65 years; diagnosis of dementia; MMSE ≤18 | Severe cardiovascular, pulmonary, or gastrointestinal disease | CSDD | Int 1: 9.0 (4.1); Int 2: 10.0 (4.8); Ctrl: 8.0 (6.7) | 10 |
| Robertson-Gillam (2008)42 | Australia | Aged care facility | 30 | 30.0 | 82.6 (5.8) | Resident of the aged care facility; diagnosis of dementia | NR | CSDD | Int: 10.5 (8.9); Ctrl: 8.9 (5.4) | 12 |
| Yap (2017)43 | Singapore | Homes | 31 | 6.0 | 74.6 (6.4) | Aged ≥65 years | On palliative care, bed-bound | CSDD-SF | Int: 3.5 (1.0, 6.0); † Ctrl: 6.0 (3.0, 8.0)† | 10 |
*Mean (standard deviation).
†
Interquartile range.
Abbreviations: AD=Alzheimer disease; C-CSDD=Chinese version of the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia; CSDD=Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia; Ctrl=Control; GDS=Geriatric Depression Scale; GDS-SF= Geriatric Depression Scale Short Form; HADS=Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; HAS=Hamilton Anxiety Scale; Int=Intervention; MMSE=Mini Mental State Evaluation; NR=Not Reported.