TABLE 2.
Abdominal adipose tissue levels and anthropometrics in middle age according to categories of average fast-food intake over preceding 25 y: Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study1
| Fast-food intake | Never–1×/mo, n = 391 (377) | >1×–3× mo, n = 572 (544) | 1–<2×/wk, n = 1113 (1056) | 2–<3×/wk, n = 556 (526) | ≥3×/wk, n = 524 (498) | P-trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| VAT2 | 98.7 (91.5, 105.8) | 128.1 (122.1, 134.0) | 133.5 (129.2, 137.7) | 142.7 (136.7, 148.7) | 146.1 (139.9, 152.3) | <0.0001 |
| VAT3 | 98.5 (91.2, 105.1) | 127.6 (122.1, 133.0) | 134.5 (130.7, 138.4) | 142.0 (136.5, 147.6) | 145.5 (139.6, 151.4) | <0.0001 |
| SAT2 | 259.6 (243.1, 276.2) | 329.0 (315.3, 342.7) | 348.2 (338.4, 358.0) | 362.9 (349.0, 376.8) | 346.5 (332.1, 360.8) | <0.0001 |
| SAT3 | 272.0 (256.0, 287.9) | 328.5 (316.0, 341.1) | 345.7 (336.9, 354.4) | 355.6 (343.0, 368.2) | 349.9 (336.4, 363.4) | 0.0002 |
| IMAT2 | 16.5 (15.4, 17.6) | 18.8 (17.9, 19.7) | 18.9 (18.2, 19.5) | 18.7 (17.8, 19.7) | 17.7 (16.8, 18.7) | 0.75 |
| IMAT3 | 15.3 (14.2, 16.4) | 17.8 (16.9, 18.7) | 18.8 (18.2, 19.4) | 19.5 (18.6, 20.3) | 19.0 (18.1, 20.0) | 0.003 |
| Liver2 | 57.9 (56.7, 59.1) | 55.6 (54.6, 56.6) | 55.3 (54.6, 56.0) | 54.6 (53.6, 55.6) | 54.4 (53.3, 55.4) | 0.0005 |
| Liver3 | 58.4 (57.2, 59.6) | 56.4 (55.5, 57.4) | 55.5 (54.8, 56.2) | 53.9 (52.9, 54.9) | 53.4 (52.4, 54.4) | <0.0001 |
| Waist2 | 84.8 (83.3, 86.3) | 92.3 (91.1, 93.6) | 95.5 (94.6, 96.4) | 98.4 (97.2, 99.7) | 98.8 (97.5, 100.1) | <0.0001 |
| Waist3 | 87.7 (86.2, 89.2) | 93.4 (92.2, 94.6) | 95.3 (94.4, 96.1) | 97.1 (95.9, 98.3) | 97.1 (95.9, 98.4) | <0.0001 |
| BMI2 | 26.3 (25.6, 27.0) | 29.5 (28.9, 30.0) | 30.9 (30.5, 31.3) | 31.7 (31.1, 32.2) | 31.4 (30.8, 32.0) | <0.0001 |
| BMI3 | 27.2 (26.5, 27.9) | 29.7 (29.1, 30.2) | 30.8 (30.4, 31.2) | 31.2 (30.7, 31.8) | 31.1 (30.6, 31.7) | <0.0001 |
All values reported as mean (95% CI). n = number of participants with VAT, SAT, and IMAT measures (+ BMI and waist circumference); (n) = number of participants with liver fat. P-trend: linear trend. BMI = kg/m2. VAT, SAT, and IMAT = cm3. Waist = cm. Liver = attenuation measured in Hounsfield units. IMAT, intermuscular adipose tissue; SAT, subcutaneous adipose tissue; VAT, visceral adipose tissue.
Model: crude.
Model: adjusted for age, sex, race, study center, education, employment history, household income, smoking, alcohol, diet quality, energy intake, physical activity, prevalence of type 2 diabetes, or history of cardiovascular disease event at year 25 exam.